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2c2ea539b1
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7 changed files with 1135 additions and 163 deletions
10
package.json
10
package.json
|
@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
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||||||
"new": "hexo new"
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"new": "hexo new"
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||||||
},
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},
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||||||
"hexo": {
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"hexo": {
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||||||
"version": "7.2.0"
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"version": "7.3.0"
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||||||
},
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},
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||||||
"dependencies": {
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"dependencies": {
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||||||
"axios": "^1.7.2",
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"axios": "^1.7.7",
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||||||
"hexo": "^7.2.0",
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"hexo": "^7.3.0",
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||||||
"hexo-feed": "^1.1.2",
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"hexo-feed": "^1.1.2",
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||||||
"hexo-generator-archive": "^2.0.0",
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"hexo-generator-archive": "^2.0.0",
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||||||
"hexo-generator-category": "^2.0.0",
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"hexo-generator-category": "^2.0.0",
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
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||||||
"rate-limiter-flexible": "^2.4.2"
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"rate-limiter-flexible": "^2.4.2"
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||||||
},
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},
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||||||
"devDependencies": {
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"devDependencies": {
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||||||
"wrangler": "^3.58.0"
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"wrangler": "^3.79.0"
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||||||
},
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},
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||||||
"packageManager": "pnpm@9.4.0+sha512.f549b8a52c9d2b8536762f99c0722205efc5af913e77835dbccc3b0b0b2ca9e7dc8022b78062c17291c48e88749c70ce88eb5a74f1fa8c4bf5e18bb46c8bd83a"
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}
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}
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366
pnpm-lock.yaml
366
pnpm-lock.yaml
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@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ importers:
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||||||
.:
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.:
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||||||
dependencies:
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dependencies:
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||||||
axios:
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axios:
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||||||
specifier: ^1.7.2
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specifier: ^1.7.7
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||||||
version: 1.7.2
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version: 1.7.7
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||||||
hexo:
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hexo:
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specifier: ^7.2.0
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specifier: ^7.3.0
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||||||
version: 7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
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version: 7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
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hexo-feed:
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hexo-feed:
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specifier: ^1.1.2
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specifier: ^1.1.2
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version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0))
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version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0))
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hexo-generator-archive:
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specifier: ^2.0.0
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specifier: ^2.0.0
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version: 2.0.0
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version: 2.0.0
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@ -49,48 +49,52 @@ importers:
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version: 2.4.2
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devDependencies:
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devDependencies:
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wrangler:
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||||||
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version: 3.79.0
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os: [win32]
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|
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@ -1739,14 +1775,14 @@ snapshots:
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@ -1781,7 +1817,7 @@ snapshots:
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|
||||||
hexo-log@4.1.0:
|
hexo-log@4.1.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
picocolors: 1.0.1
|
picocolors: 1.1.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
hexo-pagination@3.0.0: {}
|
hexo-pagination@3.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1791,7 +1827,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
hexo-renderer-marked@6.3.0:
|
hexo-renderer-marked@6.3.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
dompurify: 3.1.5
|
dompurify: 3.1.7
|
||||||
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
||||||
jsdom: 20.0.3
|
jsdom: 20.0.3
|
||||||
marked: 4.3.0
|
marked: 4.3.0
|
||||||
|
@ -1817,7 +1853,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
mime: 2.6.0
|
mime: 2.6.0
|
||||||
morgan: 1.10.0
|
morgan: 1.10.0
|
||||||
open: 7.4.2
|
open: 7.4.2
|
||||||
serve-static: 1.15.0
|
serve-static: 1.16.2
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- supports-color
|
- supports-color
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1828,12 +1864,12 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
camel-case: 4.1.2
|
camel-case: 4.1.2
|
||||||
cross-spawn: 7.0.3
|
cross-spawn: 7.0.3
|
||||||
deepmerge: 4.3.1
|
deepmerge: 4.3.1
|
||||||
highlight.js: 11.9.0
|
highlight.js: 11.10.0
|
||||||
htmlparser2: 9.1.0
|
htmlparser2: 9.1.0
|
||||||
prismjs: 1.29.0
|
prismjs: 1.29.0
|
||||||
strip-indent: 3.0.0
|
strip-indent: 3.0.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0):
|
hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0):
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
abbrev: 2.0.0
|
abbrev: 2.0.0
|
||||||
archy: 1.0.0
|
archy: 1.0.0
|
||||||
|
@ -1846,12 +1882,12 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
||||||
js-yaml: 4.1.0
|
js-yaml: 4.1.0
|
||||||
js-yaml-js-types: 1.0.1(js-yaml@4.1.0)
|
js-yaml-js-types: 1.0.1(js-yaml@4.1.0)
|
||||||
micromatch: 4.0.7
|
micromatch: 4.0.8
|
||||||
moize: 6.1.6
|
moize: 6.1.6
|
||||||
moment: 2.30.1
|
moment: 2.30.1
|
||||||
moment-timezone: 0.5.45
|
moment-timezone: 0.5.45
|
||||||
nunjucks: 3.2.4(chokidar@3.6.0)
|
nunjucks: 3.2.4(chokidar@3.6.0)
|
||||||
picocolors: 1.0.1
|
picocolors: 1.1.0
|
||||||
pretty-hrtime: 1.0.3
|
pretty-hrtime: 1.0.3
|
||||||
resolve: 1.22.8
|
resolve: 1.22.8
|
||||||
strip-ansi: 6.0.1
|
strip-ansi: 6.0.1
|
||||||
|
@ -1862,7 +1898,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- chokidar
|
- chokidar
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
highlight.js@11.9.0: {}
|
highlight.js@11.10.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0:
|
html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
|
@ -1887,14 +1923,14 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
'@tootallnate/once': 2.0.0
|
'@tootallnate/once': 2.0.0
|
||||||
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
||||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- supports-color
|
- supports-color
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
https-proxy-agent@5.0.1:
|
https-proxy-agent@5.0.1:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
||||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- supports-color
|
- supports-color
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1913,7 +1949,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
binary-extensions: 2.3.0
|
binary-extensions: 2.3.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
is-core-module@2.13.1:
|
is-core-module@2.15.1:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
hasown: 2.0.2
|
hasown: 2.0.2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1937,9 +1973,9 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
isexe@2.0.0: {}
|
isexe@2.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
jake@10.9.1:
|
jake@10.9.2:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
async: 3.2.5
|
async: 3.2.6
|
||||||
chalk: 4.1.2
|
chalk: 4.1.2
|
||||||
filelist: 1.0.4
|
filelist: 1.0.4
|
||||||
minimatch: 3.1.2
|
minimatch: 3.1.2
|
||||||
|
@ -1956,7 +1992,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
jsdom@20.0.3:
|
jsdom@20.0.3:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
abab: 2.0.6
|
abab: 2.0.6
|
||||||
acorn: 8.11.3
|
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||||
acorn-globals: 7.0.1
|
acorn-globals: 7.0.1
|
||||||
cssom: 0.5.0
|
cssom: 0.5.0
|
||||||
cssstyle: 2.3.0
|
cssstyle: 2.3.0
|
||||||
|
@ -1969,7 +2005,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
http-proxy-agent: 5.0.0
|
http-proxy-agent: 5.0.0
|
||||||
https-proxy-agent: 5.0.1
|
https-proxy-agent: 5.0.1
|
||||||
is-potential-custom-element-name: 1.0.1
|
is-potential-custom-element-name: 1.0.1
|
||||||
nwsapi: 2.2.10
|
nwsapi: 2.2.13
|
||||||
parse5: 7.1.2
|
parse5: 7.1.2
|
||||||
saxes: 6.0.0
|
saxes: 6.0.0
|
||||||
symbol-tree: 3.2.4
|
symbol-tree: 3.2.4
|
||||||
|
@ -1979,7 +2015,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
|
whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
|
||||||
whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0
|
whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0
|
||||||
whatwg-url: 11.0.0
|
whatwg-url: 11.0.0
|
||||||
ws: 8.17.0
|
ws: 8.18.0
|
||||||
xml-name-validator: 4.0.0
|
xml-name-validator: 4.0.0
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- bufferutil
|
- bufferutil
|
||||||
|
@ -1990,7 +2026,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
lower-case@2.0.2:
|
lower-case@2.0.2:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
magic-string@0.25.9:
|
magic-string@0.25.9:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
|
@ -2000,13 +2036,15 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
micro-memoize@4.1.2: {}
|
micro-memoize@4.1.2: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
micromatch@4.0.7:
|
micromatch@4.0.8:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
braces: 3.0.3
|
braces: 3.0.3
|
||||||
picomatch: 2.3.1
|
picomatch: 2.3.1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mime-db@1.52.0: {}
|
mime-db@1.52.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mime-db@1.53.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mime-types@2.1.35:
|
mime-types@2.1.35:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
mime-db: 1.52.0
|
mime-db: 1.52.0
|
||||||
|
@ -2019,18 +2057,18 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
min-indent@1.0.1: {}
|
min-indent@1.0.1: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
miniflare@3.20240524.1:
|
miniflare@3.20240925.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
'@cspotcode/source-map-support': 0.8.1
|
'@cspotcode/source-map-support': 0.8.1
|
||||||
acorn: 8.11.3
|
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||||
acorn-walk: 8.3.2
|
acorn-walk: 8.3.4
|
||||||
capnp-ts: 0.7.0
|
capnp-ts: 0.7.0
|
||||||
exit-hook: 2.2.1
|
exit-hook: 2.2.1
|
||||||
glob-to-regexp: 0.4.1
|
glob-to-regexp: 0.4.1
|
||||||
stoppable: 1.1.0
|
stoppable: 1.1.0
|
||||||
undici: 5.28.4
|
undici: 5.28.4
|
||||||
workerd: 1.20240524.0
|
workerd: 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
ws: 8.17.0
|
ws: 8.18.0
|
||||||
youch: 3.3.3
|
youch: 3.3.3
|
||||||
zod: 3.23.8
|
zod: 3.23.8
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
|
@ -2071,8 +2109,6 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ms@2.0.0: {}
|
ms@2.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ms@2.1.2: {}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ms@2.1.3: {}
|
ms@2.1.3: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mustache@4.2.0: {}
|
mustache@4.2.0: {}
|
||||||
|
@ -2088,7 +2124,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
no-case@3.0.4:
|
no-case@3.0.4:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
lower-case: 2.0.2
|
lower-case: 2.0.2
|
||||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
node-forge@1.3.1: {}
|
node-forge@1.3.1: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -2102,7 +2138,9 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
optionalDependencies:
|
optionalDependencies:
|
||||||
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
nwsapi@2.2.10: {}
|
nwsapi@2.2.13: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ohash@1.1.4: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
on-finished@2.3.0:
|
on-finished@2.3.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
|
@ -2132,7 +2170,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
pascal-case@3.1.2:
|
pascal-case@3.1.2:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
no-case: 3.0.4
|
no-case: 3.0.4
|
||||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {}
|
path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -2140,9 +2178,11 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
path-parse@1.0.7: {}
|
path-parse@1.0.7: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
path-to-regexp@6.2.2: {}
|
path-to-regexp@6.3.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
picocolors@1.0.1: {}
|
pathe@1.1.2: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
picocolors@1.1.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
picomatch@2.3.1: {}
|
picomatch@2.3.1: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -2180,11 +2220,11 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolve@1.22.8:
|
resolve@1.22.8:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
is-core-module: 2.13.1
|
is-core-module: 2.15.1
|
||||||
path-parse: 1.0.7
|
path-parse: 1.0.7
|
||||||
supports-preserve-symlinks-flag: 1.0.0
|
supports-preserve-symlinks-flag: 1.0.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rfdc@1.3.1: {}
|
rfdc@1.4.1: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rollup-plugin-inject@3.0.2:
|
rollup-plugin-inject@3.0.2:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
|
@ -2217,7 +2257,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
'@types/node-forge': 1.3.11
|
'@types/node-forge': 1.3.11
|
||||||
node-forge: 1.3.1
|
node-forge: 1.3.1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
send@0.18.0:
|
send@0.19.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
debug: 2.6.9
|
debug: 2.6.9
|
||||||
depd: 2.0.0
|
depd: 2.0.0
|
||||||
|
@ -2235,12 +2275,12 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- supports-color
|
- supports-color
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
serve-static@1.15.0:
|
serve-static@1.16.2:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
encodeurl: 1.0.2
|
encodeurl: 2.0.0
|
||||||
escape-html: 1.0.3
|
escape-html: 1.0.3
|
||||||
parseurl: 1.3.3
|
parseurl: 1.3.3
|
||||||
send: 0.18.0
|
send: 0.19.0
|
||||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||||
- supports-color
|
- supports-color
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -2286,7 +2326,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
stylus@0.62.0:
|
stylus@0.62.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
'@adobe/css-tools': 4.3.3
|
'@adobe/css-tools': 4.3.3
|
||||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||||
glob: 7.2.3
|
glob: 7.2.3
|
||||||
sax: 1.3.0
|
sax: 1.3.0
|
||||||
source-map: 0.7.4
|
source-map: 0.7.4
|
||||||
|
@ -2328,14 +2368,23 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
punycode: 2.3.1
|
punycode: 2.3.1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tslib@2.6.2: {}
|
tslib@2.7.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
undici-types@5.26.5: {}
|
ufo@1.5.4: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
undici-types@6.19.8: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
undici@5.28.4:
|
undici@5.28.4:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
'@fastify/busboy': 2.1.1
|
'@fastify/busboy': 2.1.1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854:
|
||||||
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
|
defu: 6.1.4
|
||||||
|
ohash: 1.1.4
|
||||||
|
pathe: 1.1.2
|
||||||
|
ufo: 1.5.4
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
universalify@0.2.0: {}
|
universalify@0.2.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
unpipe@1.0.0: {}
|
unpipe@1.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
@ -2363,7 +2412,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
hexo-log: 4.1.0
|
hexo-log: 4.1.0
|
||||||
is-plain-object: 5.0.0
|
is-plain-object: 5.0.0
|
||||||
jsonparse: 1.3.1
|
jsonparse: 1.3.1
|
||||||
rfdc: 1.3.1
|
rfdc: 1.4.1
|
||||||
through2: 4.0.2
|
through2: 4.0.2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
webidl-conversions@7.0.0: {}
|
webidl-conversions@7.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
@ -2383,29 +2432,32 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
isexe: 2.0.0
|
isexe: 2.0.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
workerd@1.20240524.0:
|
workerd@1.20240925.0:
|
||||||
optionalDependencies:
|
optionalDependencies:
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240524.0
|
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240524.0
|
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240524.0
|
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240524.0
|
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240524.0
|
'@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
wrangler@3.58.0:
|
wrangler@3.79.0:
|
||||||
dependencies:
|
dependencies:
|
||||||
'@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.2
|
'@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.4
|
||||||
|
'@cloudflare/workers-shared': 0.5.4
|
||||||
'@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill': 0.2.3(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
'@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill': 0.2.3(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
||||||
'@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill': 0.2.2(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
'@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill': 0.2.2(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
||||||
blake3-wasm: 2.1.5
|
blake3-wasm: 2.1.5
|
||||||
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
||||||
esbuild: 0.17.19
|
esbuild: 0.17.19
|
||||||
miniflare: 3.20240524.1
|
miniflare: 3.20240925.0
|
||||||
nanoid: 3.3.7
|
nanoid: 3.3.7
|
||||||
path-to-regexp: 6.2.2
|
path-to-regexp: 6.3.0
|
||||||
resolve: 1.22.8
|
resolve: 1.22.8
|
||||||
resolve.exports: 2.0.2
|
resolve.exports: 2.0.2
|
||||||
selfsigned: 2.4.1
|
selfsigned: 2.4.1
|
||||||
source-map: 0.6.1
|
source-map: 0.6.1
|
||||||
|
unenv: unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854
|
||||||
|
workerd: 1.20240925.0
|
||||||
xxhash-wasm: 1.0.2
|
xxhash-wasm: 1.0.2
|
||||||
optionalDependencies:
|
optionalDependencies:
|
||||||
fsevents: 2.3.3
|
fsevents: 2.3.3
|
||||||
|
@ -2416,7 +2468,7 @@ snapshots:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
wrappy@1.0.2: {}
|
wrappy@1.0.2: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ws@8.17.0: {}
|
ws@8.18.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
xml-name-validator@4.0.0: {}
|
xml-name-validator@4.0.0: {}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
911
source/_posts/http101.md
Normal file
911
source/_posts/http101.md
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
title: 超文本传输协议(HTTP)快速入门
|
||||||
|
tags:
|
||||||
|
- 网络协议
|
||||||
|
- HTTP
|
||||||
|
date: 2023-03-21 00:00:00
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [请求一个页面](#请求一个页面)
|
||||||
|
- [用词约定](#用词约定)
|
||||||
|
- [从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯](#从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯)
|
||||||
|
- [GET和POST](#GET和POST)
|
||||||
|
- [参考资料和扩展阅读](#参考资料和扩展阅读)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!--more-->
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 请求一个页面
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这篇文章会用到[Curl](https://curl.dev/),Curl是一个用于在命令行中访问URI(Uniform Resource Indicator,统一资源标志符,我们常说的“网址”)的工具。我们用它作为例子,看看一个HTTP客户端如何从服务器获取网页。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在大多数Linux发行版中,这个工具都是默认安装的,你可以在终端模拟器中尝试`curl --version`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ curl --version
|
||||||
|
curl 7.85.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.85.0 OpenSSL/3.0.8 zlib/1.2.12 brotli/1.0.9 libidn2/2.3.4 libpsl/0.21.1 (+libidn2/2.3.3) libssh/0.10.4/openssl/zlib nghttp2/1.51.0
|
||||||
|
Release-Date: 2022-08-31
|
||||||
|
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher gophers http https imap imaps ldap ldaps mqtt pop3 pop3s rtsp scp sftp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp
|
||||||
|
Features: alt-svc AsynchDNS brotli GSS-API HSTS HTTP2 HTTPS-proxy IDN IPv6 Kerberos Largefile libz NTLM NTLM_WB PSL SPNEGO SSL threadsafe TLS-SRP UnixSockets
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你的系统已经安装了Curl,就会出现和上面类似的输出,而不是一条“找不到”的报错。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你使用Windows,[Windows 10和Windows 11已经预装Curl](https://curl.se/windows/microsoft.html)。但是在PowerShell的默认环境下,使用`curl`不会使用curl,你需要用`curl.exe`来代替接下来所有命令中的`curl`。(提示:如果你的命令窗口标题有PowerShell字样,说明你可能正在使用PowerShell)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可以在命令行窗口中尝试`curl --version`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
> curl.exe --version
|
||||||
|
curl 7.79.1 (Windows) libcurl/7.79.1 Schannel
|
||||||
|
Release-Date: 2021-09-22
|
||||||
|
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps http https imap imaps pop3 pop3s smtp smtps telnet tftp
|
||||||
|
Features: AsynchDNS HSTS IPv6 Kerberos Largefile NTLM SPNEGO SSL SSPI UnixSockets
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你正在使用没有预装Curl的Windows,你可以在 [curl.se/windows/](https://curl.se/windows/) 下载。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
确认Curl可以使用,我们来试试访问`http://example.com`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ curl --http1.1 http://example.com -v
|
||||||
|
* Trying 93.184.216.34:80...
|
||||||
|
* Trying 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946:80...
|
||||||
|
* Immediate connect fail for 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946: 网络不可达
|
||||||
|
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
|
||||||
|
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
> Host: example.com
|
||||||
|
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||||
|
> Accept: */*
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||||
|
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||||
|
< Age: 106060
|
||||||
|
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
|
||||||
|
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
|
||||||
|
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
|
||||||
|
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
|
||||||
|
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
|
||||||
|
< X-Cache: HIT
|
||||||
|
< Content-Length: 1256
|
||||||
|
<
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<title>Example Domain</title>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
||||||
|
<style type="text/css">
|
||||||
|
body {
|
||||||
|
background-color: #f0f0f2;
|
||||||
|
margin: 0;
|
||||||
|
padding: 0;
|
||||||
|
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
div {
|
||||||
|
width: 600px;
|
||||||
|
margin: 5em auto;
|
||||||
|
padding: 2em;
|
||||||
|
background-color: #fdfdff;
|
||||||
|
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||||||
|
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
a:link, a:visited {
|
||||||
|
color: #38488f;
|
||||||
|
text-decoration: none;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
@media (max-width: 700px) {
|
||||||
|
div {
|
||||||
|
margin: 0 auto;
|
||||||
|
width: auto;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
</style>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<div>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
|
||||||
|
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
|
||||||
|
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
|
||||||
|
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
* Connection #0 to host example.com left intact
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在我们使用curl时,我们加上了两个额外参数,一个是`--http1.1`,一个是`-v`。`--http1.1`告诉Curl,我们要求它使用1.1版本的HTTP,否则Curl可能会自动选择其它版本的HTTP;`-v`则让Curl展示更详细一点的信息,包括连接服务器和HTTP请求。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
让我们来关注`<!doctype html>`之前以`<`或`>`开头的行:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
> Host: example.com
|
||||||
|
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||||
|
> Accept: */*
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||||
|
< Age: 106060
|
||||||
|
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
|
||||||
|
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
|
||||||
|
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
|
||||||
|
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
|
||||||
|
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
|
||||||
|
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
|
||||||
|
< X-Cache: HIT
|
||||||
|
< Content-Length: 1256
|
||||||
|
<
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在这里,`>`的意思是发送到服务器,`<`是从服务器接收。我们向服务器发送的是“请求”(Request),而服务器向我们返回“响应”(Response),一次请求-响应是一次“事务”(Transcation)。Curl执行我们对于`example.com`的请求,首先向服务器发送了以下信息:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 请求方法 (Request Method)
|
||||||
|
^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 路径(Path)
|
||||||
|
^^^^^^^^ ~ 协议(Protocol)
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这一行可以很容易用大白话说明:“使用HTTP/1.1协议获取(GET)路径‘/’”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来这一段通常被叫作“HTTP头”:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
Host: example.com
|
||||||
|
User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||||
|
Accept: */*
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
每一行意味着一个键值对,用`Key: Value`的格式。`Host: example.com`告诉服务器我们想请求的域名是`example.com`,其它两个头我们留到稍后再了解。
|
||||||
|
这些“HTTP头”跟第一行加起来组成了“HTTP请求头部”的数据。但是还没完,这里还有一个空行:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
它标志着“HTTP请求头部”的结束。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
另外,还有一个要注意的地方:HTTP的换行是CRLF格式,也就是大多数编程语言中的`\r\n`字符串转义,这个稍后我们自己编写HTTP服务器的时候才会变得重要。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们接着来看看服务器发回给我们的数据,它跟请求有两点不同,第一个是:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||||
|
^^^^^^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 协议
|
||||||
|
^^^ ~~~~~~ 状态码(Status Code)
|
||||||
|
^^ ~~~ 状态信息
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
通常,状态码和状态信息一一对应,或者说,状态信息只是在解释状态码。在这里,`200`可以说是“成功”的意思。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
第二个是,它在空行之后,即”HTTP响应头部“结束之后,带上了我们请求的页面`/`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
...
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你的电脑上有[telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet),你可以亲手发送一个HTTP请求!执行`telnet example.com 80`来连接到服务器的80端口。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ telnet example.com 80
|
||||||
|
Trying 93.184.216.34...
|
||||||
|
Connected to example.com.
|
||||||
|
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
输入以下内容。就是上面HTTP请求的简化版,HTTP头只留下`Host`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
Host: example.com
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
别忘了空行!不必担心换行格式,telnet默认发送CRLF形式的换行,这跟HTTP的要求是一样的。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 用词约定
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 套接字和Socket
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Socket是一种对于网络逻辑接口的抽象,本文使用Socket一词。在有些资料中这个词被翻译成“套接字”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### HTTP头部、头
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
为了尊重使用习惯,本文中的HTTP头和HTTP头部所指的内容是不一样的。为了方便理解,假设有这样的HTTP请求:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
GET /path/to/page HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
Host: example.com
|
||||||
|
User-Agent: sample-client/1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
HTTP头部指的是结束标志(空行)以及之前所有部分,而HTTP头指的是第一行之后、结束标志之前的键值对部分。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### TCP
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文中的TCP是Transmission Control Protocol的缩写,中文翻译是“传输控制协议”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们已经了解HTTP请求和响应的结构,从这里开始,我们将使用Python来编写一个简单的HTTP服务器。如果你不会Python,可以看看[Python文档网站上的教程](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/index.html)。我们只会使用许多编程语言都具备的概念和特性,用其它编程语言实现应该也不会有太大障碍。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
另外提一句,所有代码都在Fedora 37上使用Python 3.11测试,但是程序并没有使用特殊的特性,在其它平台和Python上多半也能正常使用。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可能没有从零开始写HTTP服务器的经验,让我来为我们将要完成的代码划分几个部分:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. 监听网络端口,等待连接
|
||||||
|
2. 从连接读取HTTP请求
|
||||||
|
3. 生成HTTP响应并返回
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def main():
|
||||||
|
pass
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||||
|
main()
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 等待客户端连接
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
HTTP运行在TCP之上,我们需要打开一个TCP端口,等待客户端创建TCP连接。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们将使用Python标准库里的[socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html),这个模块应该已经随着你的Python安装了。没用过Socket API也没关系,我将对我们要进行的操作做一个简单介绍。要在一个端口上等待客户端连接,我们大概要进行以下工作:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. 创建一个Socket(使用socket库里的`socket`类),配置使用TCP(HTTP在TCP上传输)
|
||||||
|
2. 把一个端口bind到这个Socket上(使用Socket的`bind`方法)
|
||||||
|
3. 将这个Socket设置为监听(使用Socket的`listen`方法)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
完成这些工作后,我们就可以使用Socket的`accept`方法等待一个连接。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在main里添加代码之后:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM # 导入我们需要的值
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def main():
|
||||||
|
# SOCK_STREAM配合AF_INET就是在IPv4上使用TCP的意思,HTTP在TCP上传输
|
||||||
|
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port: # with会在运行离开这块代码之后关闭这个Socket
|
||||||
|
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989)) # 将127.0.0.1:8989这个地址绑定到这个Socket上
|
||||||
|
server_port.listen() # 设置监听
|
||||||
|
conn, addr = server_port.accept() # conn是相应连接的Socket, addr是地址
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要实验我们的代码是否有效,我们可以编写一个供telnet使用的Echo服务器。Echo服务器,回声服务器,顾名思义就是一个原样输出收到内容的服务器。以下是包含了这个Echo服务器逻辑的文件内容。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def main():
|
||||||
|
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||||
|
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||||
|
server_port.listen()
|
||||||
|
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||||
|
with conn: # 运行离开这个with代码块时,with会帮我们关闭这个Socket
|
||||||
|
print(f"Accepted {addr}")
|
||||||
|
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||||
|
while True:
|
||||||
|
data = conn.recv(4096) # 接收最多4096 bytes的数据
|
||||||
|
if data != b"\r\n": # 如果是一个空行(只包含CRLF换行),就退出循环
|
||||||
|
conn.send(data)
|
||||||
|
else:
|
||||||
|
break
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||||
|
main()
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
假设这个Python脚本的名字叫作`server.py`,我们执行`python server.py`(因为需要Python 3,有些机器可能要使用`python3`代替`python`)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
python server.py
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在我们可以使用`telnet localhost 8989`连接到我们的Echo服务器。输入一些内容、换行,看看服务器返回的内容。最后用空行退出。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ telnet localhost 8989
|
||||||
|
Trying ::1...
|
||||||
|
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
|
||||||
|
Trying 127.0.0.1...
|
||||||
|
Connected to localhost.
|
||||||
|
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||||
|
Hello!
|
||||||
|
Hello!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Connection closed by foreign host.
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 读取HTTP请求
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
先让我们来总结一下我们之前了解到的内容:一次HTTP事务包括请求和响应,请求和响应发送的数据叫作HTTP信息(Message)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
一个信息包括两部分:头部和主体,一个空行代表头部结束。HTTP请求和响应的头部只有第一行的格式不同,第一行之后都是由键值对组成的HTTP头。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
让我们新添加两个函数,分别用于读取HTTP请求和处理HTTP请求:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request(conn):
|
||||||
|
pass
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def handle_http_request(conn):
|
||||||
|
pass
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> HTTP在TCP连接上传输,TCP提供面向字节流传输,意思是:在同一个Socket上,无论你如何发送数据,TCP都将它们视为同一串数据,不保证它们分开到达目标(你可以试试搜索“TCP粘包问题”,这是一个存在又不存在的问题)。当然,TCP保证数据收到的顺序和发送的顺序一致。这也可以帮助你理解HTTP为何要如此设计。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
为了简化代码,我们这里将使用比较简单的方法读取HTTP请求,并将其处理成三个返回值:请求方法、路径、头。请求方法和路径是字符串,头是一个Python字典(`dict`),保存HTTP头键值对。跟Python字典类似功能的东西,在其它编程语言中可能更习惯叫"Map"。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
读取HTTP请求时,我们先原样读取出整个头部,存为字符串再解析。读取头部的函数命名为`read_http_request_header_string`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
buffer = bytearray()
|
||||||
|
while True:
|
||||||
|
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||||
|
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n") # 两个连在一起的CRLF,第二个CRLF就代表空行
|
||||||
|
if header_length != -1:
|
||||||
|
return buffer[:header_length]
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这样我们就可以在`read_http_request`里使用它了,你可以先试着写一写这个`read_http_request`再看完整代码。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
逻辑很简单,将读到的字符串按照`\r\n`分开,再分别处理第一行和剩余的行。需要注意的是,我们的`read_http_request_header_string`返回`bytes`(可以简单理解为一块内存),你需要用`decode`方法将其转换为字符串,该方法需要指定一个编码,你可以使用`"ascii"`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
s = read_http_request_header_string(conn).decode("ascii")
|
||||||
|
lines = s.split("\r\n") # 按CRLF切开
|
||||||
|
# 解析第一行
|
||||||
|
fstline = lines[0]
|
||||||
|
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ") # 按空格切开第一行
|
||||||
|
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
|
||||||
|
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
|
||||||
|
method = method.lower() # 把方法转换成小写
|
||||||
|
# 解析头
|
||||||
|
header = {}
|
||||||
|
if len(lines) > 1:
|
||||||
|
for line in lines[1:]:
|
||||||
|
key, value = line.split(": ")
|
||||||
|
header[key] = value
|
||||||
|
return method, path, header
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 生成HTTP响应头部
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
相对于读取请求,生成响应要简单多了,只需要按照格式拼装信息:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
STATUS_MESSAGES = {
|
||||||
|
200: "OK",
|
||||||
|
400: "Bad Request",
|
||||||
|
404: "Not Found",
|
||||||
|
500: "Server Error",
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def build_http_response_header(status_code, headers):
|
||||||
|
lines = [
|
||||||
|
f"HTTP/1.1 {status_code} {STATUS_MESSAGES[status_code]}"
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
for key, value in headers:
|
||||||
|
lines.append(f"{key}: {value}")
|
||||||
|
lines.append("") # 别忘了加空行
|
||||||
|
lines.append("")
|
||||||
|
return '\r\n'.join(lines).encode('ascii')
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
请注意,这里为了增加空行,使用两次`lines.append("")`增加了两个空字符串。因为`'\r\n'.join`只在两个字符串中间增加分隔符`"\r\n"`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
举个例子:我们有`"A"`、`"B"`两个字符串,每个字符串一行。如果我们不增加空字符串,`'\r\n'.join`只会在A和B之间插入一个换行,结果是`"A\r\nB"`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果我们只在列表末尾增加一个空字符串,那么最后就只会是
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
"A\r\nB\r\n"
|
||||||
|
^ 新增加的空字符串
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
,只是在B和增加的空字符串中间增加了一个换行;如果需要单独的空行,还需要一个额外空字符串,在第一个空字符串和第二个空字符串之间再插入一个换行,才会变为我们需要的`"A\r\nB\r\n\r\n"`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 处理HTTP请求
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来我们正式在`handle_http_request`中处理HTTP请求。首先我们读取HTTP请求,如果请求出错,我们返回400 Bad Request。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
try:
|
||||||
|
method, path, headers = read_http_request(conn)
|
||||||
|
except Exception as e:
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
|
||||||
|
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
|
||||||
|
raise e # 把错误重新抛出,方便你看错误堆栈
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后我们检查方法是否是`get`,路径是否是`/`或者`/index.html`,满足条件的话我们就返回200 OK和一段HTML内容:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
if method == "get" and (path == "/" or path == "/index.html"):
|
||||||
|
headers = [
|
||||||
|
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||||
|
("Content-Length",str(len(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML))),
|
||||||
|
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||||
|
conn.send(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML)
|
||||||
|
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你发现我们在这里设置了三个头,一个是`Charset`,我们将它设置为`UTF-8`,这是提示客户端,我们的内容使用UTF-8编码。我们的`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`定义如下:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>""".encode("utf-8")
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这里我们使用`.encode("utf-8")`将字符串转换为`bytes`。关于`decode`、`encode`方法和编解码可以阅读Python文档相应页面。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
另一个头是`Content-Length`,这个头指定了HTTP主体(Body)的长度,也就是我们返回HTML的长度,接收端会根据这个长度读取主体内容。长度必须是十进制的字节数量。你可以看到我们在这里给了`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`的长度。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
最后一个是`Connection: close`,这样设置意味着:无论是客户端还是服务器都可以在响应完成之后关闭相应连接。设置这个头是因为我们的服务器在响应HTTP请求之后就会自动关闭连接,但是HTTP/1.1默认不会关闭。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
最后,如果不满足条件,返回404 Not Found,意味着这个页面没有找到。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
else:
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, []))
|
||||||
|
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
最后只要在我们的main函数使用这个`handle_http_request`就好了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def main():
|
||||||
|
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||||
|
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||||
|
server_port.listen()
|
||||||
|
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||||
|
with conn:
|
||||||
|
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||||
|
handle_http_request(conn)
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用`python server.py`启动之后,使用`curl http://localhost:8989 -v`来看看效果。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ curl http://localhost:8989 -v
|
||||||
|
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
|
||||||
|
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
|
||||||
|
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
> Host: localhost:8989
|
||||||
|
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||||
|
> Accept: */*
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||||
|
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||||
|
< Charset: UTF-8
|
||||||
|
< Content-Length: 175
|
||||||
|
< Connection: close
|
||||||
|
<
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
* Closing connection 0
|
||||||
|
</html>⏎
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们的代码处理了一个新连接就退出了,如果要让它持续处理新连接,只要从`accept`方法开始放在死循环里就行:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def main():
|
||||||
|
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||||
|
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||||
|
server_port.listen()
|
||||||
|
while True:
|
||||||
|
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||||
|
with conn:
|
||||||
|
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||||
|
handle_http_request(conn)
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b0aaa23f247d62bb6d78cc650732b214)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 使用浏览器开发者工具
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
浏览器开发者工具是调试你Web程序的利器!它就内置在你的浏览器里,包含多个有用的工具,快捷键通常是F12。接下来,我将演示用Firefox的开发者工具查看我们的服务器响应信息。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
先打开一个新标签页。你有两种方法打开开发者工具:一种是在浏览器菜单里点击“更多工具”, 点击“Web开发者工具”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![“更多工具”里存在“Web开发者工具”这一项](devtools-in-menu.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
另一种打开方法是按键盘上的F12。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
打开后,你就会看到开发者工具,选择“网络(Network)”页面。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![“Web开发者工具”显示在浏览器窗口内部的右边,选择了“网络”页面](devtools.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来,在地址栏中输入我们服务器的地址`http://localhost:8989`、确认访问,就可以在这个页面下看到浏览器产生的请求。点击单个项目可以展开详细信息。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![“网络”页面的列表出现了浏览器产生的请求,显示了访问主页请求的详细信息](devtools-inspect-request.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## GET和POST
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们的服务器应该能够根据用户的输入进行不同的操作,不然为什么不直接提供一个HTML就好了呢?正好,HTTP给我们提供了一个工具:路径里面可以携带一个叫查询(Query)的部分,`?`之后就是我们的查询,查询里面可以直接携带URI未保留字符,这些字符在URI中没有特殊意义。比如在`/?something`中,`something`就是我们的查询。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> 查询其实是属于URI的一部分。我们在这里说查询是在“路径”中,这里的“路径”指的是前面我们所提到HTTP请求格式中的“路径”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
但是有一些字符不能直接放进URI里,因为它们是URI的保留字符,比如`@`,这时候就需要转义(Escape)这些字符。我们在这使用的编码叫[URL encoding(URL编码,也可以叫percent encoding,百分号编码)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
比如说我们要在路径里携带`example@example.com`,比如`/?email=example@example.com`,我们必须将其编码成`/?email=example%40example.com`。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
虽然查询里面可以携带任何允许的字符,但是使用类似上面的格式仍然是比较常用的做法。也就是`key=val`代表键key的值是val,在上面就是`email`的值是`example@example.com`。如果要携带多对键值,可以用`&`从中间区分,比如`email=example%40example.com&nuke=1`,就有`email`和`nuke`两对键值。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来,我们一起改写上面的服务器,让它能够接受查询字符串,比如说在访问`/?name=HTTP`的时候可以返回"Hello HTTP!"。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 在GET请求中接受用户输入
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们要修改以下部分:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 修改访问路径匹配。我们之前使用`path == "/"`来确认正在访问的路径,这样的话`/?name=HTTP`就不能访问到`/`了。
|
||||||
|
- 处理查询里的键值对。我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询,将查询里的键值对解析成我们需要的数据结构,在这里是字典。
|
||||||
|
- 让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`的"World"可以自定义。我们在这里使用Python的`str.format`方法。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
首先,我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def read_path(path: str): # 返回访问路径和查询
|
||||||
|
parts = path.split("?", maxsplit=1)
|
||||||
|
if len(parts) > 1:
|
||||||
|
return parts[0], parts[1]
|
||||||
|
else:
|
||||||
|
return parts[0], ""
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
# ...
|
||||||
|
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
|
||||||
|
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
|
||||||
|
# ...
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后,我们需要将查询里的键值对解析成字典:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def parse_query(q: str):
|
||||||
|
pairs_str = q.split("&")
|
||||||
|
pairs = {}
|
||||||
|
for s in pairs_str:
|
||||||
|
if s: # 确保不是空字符串
|
||||||
|
k, v = s.split("=")
|
||||||
|
pairs[unquote_plus(k)] = unquote_plus(v)
|
||||||
|
return pairs
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在这里,我们使用了`urllib.parse`的`unquote_plus`函数,你需要在文件顶部引入它:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们使用这个函数将URL编码的字符串转换为普通字符串。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来,我们要让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`可以接受自定义名字。因为`bytes`对象没有`format`方法,我们得去掉`.encode`,改在自定义名字之后完成。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>"""
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当我们使用`format`方法时,就可以替换掉`{name}`的内容,生成实际要发送给客户端的页面。这时`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`就被叫作“模板”,生成这个页面的过程叫“渲染”。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
|
||||||
|
query_dict = parse_query(query) # 解析查询键值对
|
||||||
|
# 渲染页面
|
||||||
|
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
|
||||||
|
# 检查键值对中有没有键name,有并且值不为空的话就以其值替换{name},否则用World替换。
|
||||||
|
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else "World")
|
||||||
|
).encode("utf-8")
|
||||||
|
headers = [
|
||||||
|
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||||
|
("Content-Length",str(len(content))), # 主体长度等于实际内容长度
|
||||||
|
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||||
|
conn.send(content) # 发送渲染出来的页面
|
||||||
|
# ...
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
启动你的服务器。用`curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v`试试。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
$ curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v
|
||||||
|
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
|
||||||
|
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
|
||||||
|
> GET /?name=HTTP HTTP/1.1
|
||||||
|
> Host: localhost:8989
|
||||||
|
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||||
|
> Accept: */*
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||||
|
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||||
|
< Charset: UTF-8
|
||||||
|
< Content-Length: 174
|
||||||
|
< Connection: close
|
||||||
|
<
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello HTTP!</h1>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
* Closing connection 0
|
||||||
|
</html>⏎
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你也可以用浏览器看看。修改一下`name`的值,看看给出什么结果。如果出现bug,尝试自己修一修。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
修改一下模板,就可以直接在网页里面使用这个参数了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||||
|
<form method="GET">
|
||||||
|
<input name="name" label="Hello to..." />
|
||||||
|
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||||
|
</form>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>"""
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
HTML不在本文范围,敬请参阅MDN Web Docs相关页面。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/d32a565609ee1f2379fc9b3af1d87012)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### HTTP POST
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
目前为止,我们都在使用HTTP的GET方法。另一个常用的HTTP方法是POST,为什么我们需要它呢?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- HTTP请求可以跟响应一样携带主体。GET请求不可以携带主体,但POST请求可以。放在路径里的数据经过编码后体积可能大幅增加;主体里的数据格式并没有规定,可以不用编码。
|
||||||
|
- 理论上HTTP请求头部的路径可以无限长,但是客户端或者服务器可能会限制路径最大长度。
|
||||||
|
- 在浏览器中,路径会被记录在浏览历史里,放在主体里的数据一般不会被记录。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果我们使用HTML的form元素进行请求,POST请求主体使用的格式与我们之前查询键值对的格式相同。键是form元素内input元素name属性的值。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> 绝大部分情况下,你应该用GET方法展示数据、POST方法只用来记录数据。在刷新POST方法返回的页面时,浏览器需要重新提交请求,并会询问用户是否要这样做(因为这样做可能会导致不需要的副作用)。大部分情况下,这不是用户想体验的麻烦。
|
||||||
|
> 如果你使用HTML的form直接处理POST提交,你可以在处理POST方法完成后返回[HTTP 303 See Other状态码](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/303)并在`Location`头中指定重新请求的地址,让浏览器用GET方法重新请求并展示相应页面。
|
||||||
|
> 我们接下来就是采用类似方法。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
让我们来改写我们之前的服务器,让它可以接受POST方法的`default_name`参数,并将它设置为默认名字(当没有name参数时使用的名字)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
先添加一个全局变量:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
global default_name
|
||||||
|
default_name = "World"
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这是个比较大的改写,首先我们要先改写读取HTTP请求的部分,让它支持读取主体。然后我们要使用一个全局变量保存我们对默认名字的修改。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
buffer = bytearray()
|
||||||
|
while True:
|
||||||
|
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||||
|
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n")
|
||||||
|
if header_length != -1:
|
||||||
|
return buffer[:header_length], buffer[header_length+4:]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
s, rest = read_http_request_header_string(conn)
|
||||||
|
s = s.decode("ascii")
|
||||||
|
lines = s.split("\r\n")
|
||||||
|
# 解析第一行
|
||||||
|
fstline = lines[0]
|
||||||
|
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ")
|
||||||
|
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
|
||||||
|
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
|
||||||
|
method = method.lower()
|
||||||
|
# 解析头
|
||||||
|
header = {}
|
||||||
|
if len(lines) > 1:
|
||||||
|
for line in lines[1:]:
|
||||||
|
key, value = line.split(": ")
|
||||||
|
header[key] = value
|
||||||
|
return method, path, header, rest
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def read_http_request_body(conn: socket, length: int, buffer: bytearray):
|
||||||
|
while len(buffer) < length:
|
||||||
|
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||||
|
return buffer[:length]
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们在原先`read_http_request`函数的基础上增加`read_http_request_body`,并且让`read_http_request`返回多读的数据(在`\r\n\r\n`之后的数据)。在`handle_http_request`,我们这样读取主体:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||||
|
global default_name
|
||||||
|
try:
|
||||||
|
method, path, headers, rest = read_http_request(conn)
|
||||||
|
if "Content-Length" in headers:
|
||||||
|
body = read_http_request_body(conn, int(headers["Content-Length"]), rest)
|
||||||
|
# 我们在这只支持Content-Length,不支持Transfer-Encoding: chunked
|
||||||
|
else:
|
||||||
|
body = bytearray()
|
||||||
|
except Exception as e:
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
|
||||||
|
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
|
||||||
|
raise e
|
||||||
|
# ...
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来我们要改动检查路径和方法的代码:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
|
||||||
|
if onlypath == "/":
|
||||||
|
if method == "get":
|
||||||
|
query_dict = parse_query(query)
|
||||||
|
# 渲染页面
|
||||||
|
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
|
||||||
|
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else default_name)
|
||||||
|
# 这里引用全局变量default_name的值,而不是硬编码"World"
|
||||||
|
).encode("utf-8")
|
||||||
|
headers = [
|
||||||
|
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||||
|
("Content-Length",str(len(content))),
|
||||||
|
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||||
|
]
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||||
|
conn.send(content)
|
||||||
|
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
|
||||||
|
return # 响应完成,直接返回
|
||||||
|
elif method == "post": # 处理POST请求
|
||||||
|
form_data_s = body.decode("utf-8")
|
||||||
|
form_dict = parse_query(form_data_s)
|
||||||
|
if form_dict.get("default_name"):
|
||||||
|
default_name = form_dict["default_name"]
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(303, [
|
||||||
|
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||||
|
("Location", "."),
|
||||||
|
])) # 让浏览器重新用GET请求并展示当前页面,Location是“.”
|
||||||
|
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 303 {STATUS_MESSAGES[303]}")
|
||||||
|
return # 响应完成,直接返回
|
||||||
|
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, [])) # 没有匹配的路径或者方法,返回404
|
||||||
|
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
最后,改动一下模板,这样我们就可以直接使用这个参数了:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html>
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||||
|
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||||
|
<form method="GET">
|
||||||
|
<input name="name"/>
|
||||||
|
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||||
|
</form>
|
||||||
|
<h2>Default Name</h2>
|
||||||
|
<form method="POST">
|
||||||
|
<input name="default_name" />
|
||||||
|
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||||
|
</form>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>"""
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b69161000e5ea2904057a49f16b5ac8b)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 再进一步
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们的代码尚不完善,你可以试试按以下方向改进。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 处理并发连接
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当前的代码只能依照顺序一个一个处理连接,你使用多线程或者Python的asyncio让我们的服务器能够并发处理连接。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
参考资料:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Python文档:threading模块](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/threading.html#module-threading)
|
||||||
|
- [Python文档:asyncio](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 连接复用
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当前代码在回应请求之后就直接关闭连接,你可以支持HTTP/1.1式的连接复用来提高连接使用效率。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
参考资料:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [MDN Web Docs:HTTP Keep-Alive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Keep-Alive)
|
||||||
|
- [MDB Web Docs:HTTP Connection](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Connection)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 增强兼容性
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我们目前的代码作了一些假设,你可以改进代码以提高对不同客户端的兼容性。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 支持[HTTP Transfer-Encoding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Transfer-Encoding),我们的代码中没有支持这种传输方式
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 包装和抽象
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可以将HTTP服务器包装起来,甚至进一步包装成可以使用的框架,为用户提供可用的API。例如:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
````python
|
||||||
|
from mymodule import MyServer
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
def handle_index(request):
|
||||||
|
return request.ok(template="index.html")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||||
|
server = MyServer({
|
||||||
|
"/": handle_index
|
||||||
|
})
|
||||||
|
server.run()
|
||||||
|
````
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你还可以试试阅读[Tornado的代码](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado),这是一个Python异步Web框架。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- 支持Cookie
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
HTTP是一个无状态协议:不同的响应-请求之间没有联系。HTTP Cookie是一项在不同响应-请求之间保留数据的技术。设计一个需要保留数据的功能,并在我们的HTTP服务器中实现它。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
参考资料:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [MDN Web Docs:Using HTTP cookies](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 参考资料和扩展阅读
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [MDN Web Docs: HTTP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP)
|
||||||
|
- [Python Docs: socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html)
|
||||||
|
- [Wikipedia: URL encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)
|
||||||
|
- [Wikipedia: Telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文内容主要基于HTTP/1.1。如今,HTTP已经改进出HTTP/2和HTTP/3。这些新版本协议更加高效,更加适合我们当下的使用场景。虽然HTTP/2和HTTP/3与HTTP/1.1相比变化很大,但是基本概念并没有什么变动。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- [Web.dev: Introduction to HTTP/2](https://web.dev/performance-http2/)
|
||||||
|
- [Couldflare: What is HTTP/3?](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/performance/what-is-http3/)
|
BIN
source/_posts/http101/devtools-in-menu.png
(Stored with Git LFS)
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source/_posts/http101/devtools-in-menu.png
(Stored with Git LFS)
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BIN
source/_posts/http101/devtools-inspect-request.png
(Stored with Git LFS)
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BIN
source/_posts/http101/devtools-inspect-request.png
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Normal file
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source/_posts/http101/devtools.png
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@ -1 +1 @@
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Subproject commit 3534fd07c303322d6e8dfc805457553990db6753
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Subproject commit b38efd3f7db191477c6e1c3034ed82dcdeeba84a
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Reference in a new issue