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4 commits
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2c2ea539b1
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05ca30e1ef | ||
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a2fce25e61 |
7 changed files with 1135 additions and 163 deletions
10
package.json
10
package.json
|
|
@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
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|||
"new": "hexo new"
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},
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"hexo": {
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"version": "7.2.0"
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"version": "7.3.0"
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},
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"dependencies": {
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"axios": "^1.7.2",
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"hexo": "^7.2.0",
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"axios": "^1.7.7",
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"hexo": "^7.3.0",
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"hexo-feed": "^1.1.2",
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"hexo-generator-archive": "^2.0.0",
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"hexo-generator-category": "^2.0.0",
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
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"rate-limiter-flexible": "^2.4.2"
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},
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"devDependencies": {
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"wrangler": "^3.58.0"
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"wrangler": "^3.79.0"
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},
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"packageManager": "pnpm@9.4.0+sha512.f549b8a52c9d2b8536762f99c0722205efc5af913e77835dbccc3b0b0b2ca9e7dc8022b78062c17291c48e88749c70ce88eb5a74f1fa8c4bf5e18bb46c8bd83a"
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"packageManager": "pnpm@9.12.0+sha512.4abf725084d7bcbafbd728bfc7bee61f2f791f977fd87542b3579dcb23504d170d46337945e4c66485cd12d588a0c0e570ed9c477e7ccdd8507cf05f3f92eaca"
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}
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366
pnpm-lock.yaml
366
pnpm-lock.yaml
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@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ importers:
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.:
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dependencies:
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axios:
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specifier: ^1.7.2
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version: 1.7.2
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specifier: ^1.7.7
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version: 1.7.7
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hexo:
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specifier: ^7.2.0
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version: 7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
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specifier: ^7.3.0
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version: 7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
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hexo-feed:
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specifier: ^1.1.2
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version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0))
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version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0))
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hexo-generator-archive:
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specifier: ^2.0.0
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version: 2.0.0
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@ -49,48 +49,52 @@ importers:
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version: 2.4.2
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devDependencies:
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wrangler:
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specifier: ^3.58.0
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version: 3.58.0
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specifier: ^3.79.0
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version: 3.79.0
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engines: {node: '>=16'}
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cpu: [arm64]
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engines: {node: '>=16'}
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cpu: [x64]
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os: [win32]
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'@cloudflare/workers-shared@0.5.4':
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@ -245,8 +249,8 @@ packages:
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@ -258,8 +262,8 @@ packages:
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'@types/node-forge@1.3.11':
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@ -279,12 +283,12 @@ packages:
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engines: {node: '>=0.4.0'}
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hasBin: true
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|
@ -316,14 +320,14 @@ packages:
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asap@2.0.6:
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@ -440,8 +444,8 @@ packages:
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@ -456,6 +460,9 @@ packages:
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|
|
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|
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'@types/node-forge@1.3.11':
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|
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|
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|
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undici-types: 6.19.8
|
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|
||||
a-sync-waterfall@1.0.1: {}
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|
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|
|
@ -1393,16 +1423,18 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
acorn-globals@7.0.1:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
acorn: 8.11.3
|
||||
acorn-walk: 8.3.2
|
||||
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||
acorn-walk: 8.3.4
|
||||
|
||||
acorn-walk@8.3.2: {}
|
||||
acorn-walk@8.3.4:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||
|
||||
acorn@8.11.3: {}
|
||||
acorn@8.12.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
agent-base@6.0.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
||||
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1427,13 +1459,13 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
asap@2.0.6: {}
|
||||
|
||||
async@3.2.5: {}
|
||||
async@3.2.6: {}
|
||||
|
||||
asynckit@0.4.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
axios@1.7.2:
|
||||
axios@1.7.7:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
follow-redirects: 1.15.6
|
||||
follow-redirects: 1.15.9
|
||||
form-data: 4.0.0
|
||||
proxy-from-env: 1.1.0
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1469,12 +1501,12 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
camel-case@4.1.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
pascal-case: 3.1.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||
|
||||
capnp-ts@0.7.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
||||
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1511,7 +1543,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
compressible@2.0.18:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
mime-db: 1.52.0
|
||||
mime-db: 1.53.0
|
||||
|
||||
compression@1.7.4:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1566,14 +1598,16 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
ms: 2.0.0
|
||||
|
||||
debug@4.3.5:
|
||||
debug@4.3.7:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
ms: 2.1.2
|
||||
ms: 2.1.3
|
||||
|
||||
decimal.js@10.4.3: {}
|
||||
|
||||
deepmerge@4.3.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
defu@6.1.4: {}
|
||||
|
||||
delayed-stream@1.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
depd@2.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
|
@ -1596,7 +1630,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
domelementtype: 2.3.0
|
||||
|
||||
dompurify@3.1.5: {}
|
||||
dompurify@3.1.7: {}
|
||||
|
||||
domutils@3.1.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1608,10 +1642,12 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
ejs@3.1.10:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
jake: 10.9.1
|
||||
jake: 10.9.2
|
||||
|
||||
encodeurl@1.0.2: {}
|
||||
|
||||
encodeurl@2.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
entities@4.5.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
esbuild@0.17.19:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1685,7 +1721,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
follow-redirects@1.15.6: {}
|
||||
follow-redirects@1.15.9: {}
|
||||
|
||||
form-data@4.0.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1739,14 +1775,14 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
hexo-log: 4.1.0
|
||||
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
||||
minimist: 1.2.8
|
||||
picocolors: 1.0.1
|
||||
picocolors: 1.1.0
|
||||
resolve: 1.22.8
|
||||
tildify: 2.0.0
|
||||
|
||||
hexo-feed@1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)):
|
||||
hexo-feed@1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)):
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
chalk: 4.1.2
|
||||
hexo: 7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
|
||||
hexo: 7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
|
||||
|
||||
hexo-front-matter@4.2.1:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1781,7 +1817,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
hexo-log@4.1.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
picocolors: 1.0.1
|
||||
picocolors: 1.1.0
|
||||
|
||||
hexo-pagination@3.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1791,7 +1827,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
hexo-renderer-marked@6.3.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
dompurify: 3.1.5
|
||||
dompurify: 3.1.7
|
||||
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
||||
jsdom: 20.0.3
|
||||
marked: 4.3.0
|
||||
|
|
@ -1817,7 +1853,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
mime: 2.6.0
|
||||
morgan: 1.10.0
|
||||
open: 7.4.2
|
||||
serve-static: 1.15.0
|
||||
serve-static: 1.16.2
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1828,12 +1864,12 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
camel-case: 4.1.2
|
||||
cross-spawn: 7.0.3
|
||||
deepmerge: 4.3.1
|
||||
highlight.js: 11.9.0
|
||||
highlight.js: 11.10.0
|
||||
htmlparser2: 9.1.0
|
||||
prismjs: 1.29.0
|
||||
strip-indent: 3.0.0
|
||||
|
||||
hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0):
|
||||
hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0):
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
abbrev: 2.0.0
|
||||
archy: 1.0.0
|
||||
|
|
@ -1846,12 +1882,12 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
hexo-util: 3.3.0
|
||||
js-yaml: 4.1.0
|
||||
js-yaml-js-types: 1.0.1(js-yaml@4.1.0)
|
||||
micromatch: 4.0.7
|
||||
micromatch: 4.0.8
|
||||
moize: 6.1.6
|
||||
moment: 2.30.1
|
||||
moment-timezone: 0.5.45
|
||||
nunjucks: 3.2.4(chokidar@3.6.0)
|
||||
picocolors: 1.0.1
|
||||
picocolors: 1.1.0
|
||||
pretty-hrtime: 1.0.3
|
||||
resolve: 1.22.8
|
||||
strip-ansi: 6.0.1
|
||||
|
|
@ -1862,7 +1898,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- chokidar
|
||||
|
||||
highlight.js@11.9.0: {}
|
||||
highlight.js@11.10.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1887,14 +1923,14 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
'@tootallnate/once': 2.0.0
|
||||
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
||||
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
https-proxy-agent@5.0.1:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
agent-base: 6.0.2
|
||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
||||
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1913,7 +1949,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
binary-extensions: 2.3.0
|
||||
|
||||
is-core-module@2.13.1:
|
||||
is-core-module@2.15.1:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
hasown: 2.0.2
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1937,9 +1973,9 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
isexe@2.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
jake@10.9.1:
|
||||
jake@10.9.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
async: 3.2.5
|
||||
async: 3.2.6
|
||||
chalk: 4.1.2
|
||||
filelist: 1.0.4
|
||||
minimatch: 3.1.2
|
||||
|
|
@ -1956,7 +1992,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
jsdom@20.0.3:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
abab: 2.0.6
|
||||
acorn: 8.11.3
|
||||
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||
acorn-globals: 7.0.1
|
||||
cssom: 0.5.0
|
||||
cssstyle: 2.3.0
|
||||
|
|
@ -1969,7 +2005,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
http-proxy-agent: 5.0.0
|
||||
https-proxy-agent: 5.0.1
|
||||
is-potential-custom-element-name: 1.0.1
|
||||
nwsapi: 2.2.10
|
||||
nwsapi: 2.2.13
|
||||
parse5: 7.1.2
|
||||
saxes: 6.0.0
|
||||
symbol-tree: 3.2.4
|
||||
|
|
@ -1979,7 +2015,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
|
||||
whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0
|
||||
whatwg-url: 11.0.0
|
||||
ws: 8.17.0
|
||||
ws: 8.18.0
|
||||
xml-name-validator: 4.0.0
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- bufferutil
|
||||
|
|
@ -1990,7 +2026,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
lower-case@2.0.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||
|
||||
magic-string@0.25.9:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -2000,13 +2036,15 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
micro-memoize@4.1.2: {}
|
||||
|
||||
micromatch@4.0.7:
|
||||
micromatch@4.0.8:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
braces: 3.0.3
|
||||
picomatch: 2.3.1
|
||||
|
||||
mime-db@1.52.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
mime-db@1.53.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
mime-types@2.1.35:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
mime-db: 1.52.0
|
||||
|
|
@ -2019,18 +2057,18 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
min-indent@1.0.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
miniflare@3.20240524.1:
|
||||
miniflare@3.20240925.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
'@cspotcode/source-map-support': 0.8.1
|
||||
acorn: 8.11.3
|
||||
acorn-walk: 8.3.2
|
||||
acorn: 8.12.1
|
||||
acorn-walk: 8.3.4
|
||||
capnp-ts: 0.7.0
|
||||
exit-hook: 2.2.1
|
||||
glob-to-regexp: 0.4.1
|
||||
stoppable: 1.1.0
|
||||
undici: 5.28.4
|
||||
workerd: 1.20240524.0
|
||||
ws: 8.17.0
|
||||
workerd: 1.20240925.0
|
||||
ws: 8.18.0
|
||||
youch: 3.3.3
|
||||
zod: 3.23.8
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -2071,8 +2109,6 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
ms@2.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
ms@2.1.2: {}
|
||||
|
||||
ms@2.1.3: {}
|
||||
|
||||
mustache@4.2.0: {}
|
||||
|
|
@ -2088,7 +2124,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
no-case@3.0.4:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
lower-case: 2.0.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||
|
||||
node-forge@1.3.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -2102,7 +2138,9 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
optionalDependencies:
|
||||
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
||||
|
||||
nwsapi@2.2.10: {}
|
||||
nwsapi@2.2.13: {}
|
||||
|
||||
ohash@1.1.4: {}
|
||||
|
||||
on-finished@2.3.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -2132,7 +2170,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
pascal-case@3.1.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
no-case: 3.0.4
|
||||
tslib: 2.6.2
|
||||
tslib: 2.7.0
|
||||
|
||||
path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -2140,9 +2178,11 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
path-parse@1.0.7: {}
|
||||
|
||||
path-to-regexp@6.2.2: {}
|
||||
path-to-regexp@6.3.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
picocolors@1.0.1: {}
|
||||
pathe@1.1.2: {}
|
||||
|
||||
picocolors@1.1.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
picomatch@2.3.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -2180,11 +2220,11 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
resolve@1.22.8:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
is-core-module: 2.13.1
|
||||
is-core-module: 2.15.1
|
||||
path-parse: 1.0.7
|
||||
supports-preserve-symlinks-flag: 1.0.0
|
||||
|
||||
rfdc@1.3.1: {}
|
||||
rfdc@1.4.1: {}
|
||||
|
||||
rollup-plugin-inject@3.0.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
|
|
@ -2217,7 +2257,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
'@types/node-forge': 1.3.11
|
||||
node-forge: 1.3.1
|
||||
|
||||
send@0.18.0:
|
||||
send@0.19.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
debug: 2.6.9
|
||||
depd: 2.0.0
|
||||
|
|
@ -2235,12 +2275,12 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
serve-static@1.15.0:
|
||||
serve-static@1.16.2:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
encodeurl: 1.0.2
|
||||
encodeurl: 2.0.0
|
||||
escape-html: 1.0.3
|
||||
parseurl: 1.3.3
|
||||
send: 0.18.0
|
||||
send: 0.19.0
|
||||
transitivePeerDependencies:
|
||||
- supports-color
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -2286,7 +2326,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
stylus@0.62.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
'@adobe/css-tools': 4.3.3
|
||||
debug: 4.3.5
|
||||
debug: 4.3.7
|
||||
glob: 7.2.3
|
||||
sax: 1.3.0
|
||||
source-map: 0.7.4
|
||||
|
|
@ -2328,14 +2368,23 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
punycode: 2.3.1
|
||||
|
||||
tslib@2.6.2: {}
|
||||
tslib@2.7.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
undici-types@5.26.5: {}
|
||||
ufo@1.5.4: {}
|
||||
|
||||
undici-types@6.19.8: {}
|
||||
|
||||
undici@5.28.4:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
'@fastify/busboy': 2.1.1
|
||||
|
||||
unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
defu: 6.1.4
|
||||
ohash: 1.1.4
|
||||
pathe: 1.1.2
|
||||
ufo: 1.5.4
|
||||
|
||||
universalify@0.2.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
unpipe@1.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
|
@ -2363,7 +2412,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
hexo-log: 4.1.0
|
||||
is-plain-object: 5.0.0
|
||||
jsonparse: 1.3.1
|
||||
rfdc: 1.3.1
|
||||
rfdc: 1.4.1
|
||||
through2: 4.0.2
|
||||
|
||||
webidl-conversions@7.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
|
@ -2383,29 +2432,32 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
dependencies:
|
||||
isexe: 2.0.0
|
||||
|
||||
workerd@1.20240524.0:
|
||||
workerd@1.20240925.0:
|
||||
optionalDependencies:
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240524.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240524.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240524.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240524.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240524.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240925.0
|
||||
|
||||
wrangler@3.58.0:
|
||||
wrangler@3.79.0:
|
||||
dependencies:
|
||||
'@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.2
|
||||
'@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.4
|
||||
'@cloudflare/workers-shared': 0.5.4
|
||||
'@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill': 0.2.3(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
||||
'@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill': 0.2.2(esbuild@0.17.19)
|
||||
blake3-wasm: 2.1.5
|
||||
chokidar: 3.6.0
|
||||
esbuild: 0.17.19
|
||||
miniflare: 3.20240524.1
|
||||
miniflare: 3.20240925.0
|
||||
nanoid: 3.3.7
|
||||
path-to-regexp: 6.2.2
|
||||
path-to-regexp: 6.3.0
|
||||
resolve: 1.22.8
|
||||
resolve.exports: 2.0.2
|
||||
selfsigned: 2.4.1
|
||||
source-map: 0.6.1
|
||||
unenv: unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854
|
||||
workerd: 1.20240925.0
|
||||
xxhash-wasm: 1.0.2
|
||||
optionalDependencies:
|
||||
fsevents: 2.3.3
|
||||
|
|
@ -2416,7 +2468,7 @@ snapshots:
|
|||
|
||||
wrappy@1.0.2: {}
|
||||
|
||||
ws@8.17.0: {}
|
||||
ws@8.18.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
xml-name-validator@4.0.0: {}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
911
source/_posts/http101.md
Normal file
911
source/_posts/http101.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: 超文本传输协议（HTTP）快速入门
|
||||
tags:
|
||||
- 网络协议
|
||||
- HTTP
|
||||
date: 2023-03-21 00:00:00
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [请求一个页面](#请求一个页面)
|
||||
- [用词约定](#用词约定)
|
||||
- [从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯](#从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯)
|
||||
- [GET和POST](#GET和POST)
|
||||
- [参考资料和扩展阅读](#参考资料和扩展阅读)
|
||||
|
||||
<!--more-->
|
||||
|
||||
## 请求一个页面
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章会用到[Curl](https://curl.dev/)，Curl是一个用于在命令行中访问URI（Uniform Resource Indicator，统一资源标志符，我们常说的“网址”）的工具。我们用它作为例子，看看一个HTTP客户端如何从服务器获取网页。
|
||||
|
||||
在大多数Linux发行版中，这个工具都是默认安装的，你可以在终端模拟器中尝试`curl --version`：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ curl --version
|
||||
curl 7.85.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.85.0 OpenSSL/3.0.8 zlib/1.2.12 brotli/1.0.9 libidn2/2.3.4 libpsl/0.21.1 (+libidn2/2.3.3) libssh/0.10.4/openssl/zlib nghttp2/1.51.0
|
||||
Release-Date: 2022-08-31
|
||||
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher gophers http https imap imaps ldap ldaps mqtt pop3 pop3s rtsp scp sftp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp
|
||||
Features: alt-svc AsynchDNS brotli GSS-API HSTS HTTP2 HTTPS-proxy IDN IPv6 Kerberos Largefile libz NTLM NTLM_WB PSL SPNEGO SSL threadsafe TLS-SRP UnixSockets
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的系统已经安装了Curl，就会出现和上面类似的输出，而不是一条“找不到”的报错。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你使用Windows，[Windows 10和Windows 11已经预装Curl](https://curl.se/windows/microsoft.html)。但是在PowerShell的默认环境下，使用`curl`不会使用curl，你需要用`curl.exe`来代替接下来所有命令中的`curl`。（提示：如果你的命令窗口标题有PowerShell字样，说明你可能正在使用PowerShell）
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在命令行窗口中尝试`curl --version`：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
> curl.exe --version
|
||||
curl 7.79.1 (Windows) libcurl/7.79.1 Schannel
|
||||
Release-Date: 2021-09-22
|
||||
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps http https imap imaps pop3 pop3s smtp smtps telnet tftp
|
||||
Features: AsynchDNS HSTS IPv6 Kerberos Largefile NTLM SPNEGO SSL SSPI UnixSockets
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用没有预装Curl的Windows，你可以在 [curl.se/windows/](https://curl.se/windows/) 下载。
|
||||
|
||||
确认Curl可以使用，我们来试试访问`http://example.com`
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ curl --http1.1 http://example.com -v
|
||||
* Trying 93.184.216.34:80...
|
||||
* Trying 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946:80...
|
||||
* Immediate connect fail for 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946: 网络不可达
|
||||
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
|
||||
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||
> Host: example.com
|
||||
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||
> Accept: */*
|
||||
>
|
||||
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
< Age: 106060
|
||||
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
|
||||
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
|
||||
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
|
||||
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
|
||||
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
|
||||
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
|
||||
< X-Cache: HIT
|
||||
< Content-Length: 1256
|
||||
<
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<title>Example Domain</title>
|
||||
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
|
||||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
||||
<style type="text/css">
|
||||
body {
|
||||
background-color: #f0f0f2;
|
||||
margin: 0;
|
||||
padding: 0;
|
||||
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
div {
|
||||
width: 600px;
|
||||
margin: 5em auto;
|
||||
padding: 2em;
|
||||
background-color: #fdfdff;
|
||||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||||
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
|
||||
}
|
||||
a:link, a:visited {
|
||||
color: #38488f;
|
||||
text-decoration: none;
|
||||
}
|
||||
@media (max-width: 700px) {
|
||||
div {
|
||||
margin: 0 auto;
|
||||
width: auto;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
|
||||
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
|
||||
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
|
||||
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
* Connection #0 to host example.com left intact
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
在我们使用curl时，我们加上了两个额外参数，一个是`--http1.1`，一个是`-v`。`--http1.1`告诉Curl，我们要求它使用1.1版本的HTTP，否则Curl可能会自动选择其它版本的HTTP；`-v`则让Curl展示更详细一点的信息，包括连接服务器和HTTP请求。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来关注`<!doctype html>`之前以`<`或`>`开头的行：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||
> Host: example.com
|
||||
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||
> Accept: */*
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
< Age: 106060
|
||||
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
|
||||
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
|
||||
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
|
||||
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
|
||||
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
|
||||
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
|
||||
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
|
||||
< X-Cache: HIT
|
||||
< Content-Length: 1256
|
||||
<
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，`>`的意思是发送到服务器，`<`是从服务器接收。我们向服务器发送的是“请求”（Request），而服务器向我们返回“响应”（Response），一次请求-响应是一次“事务”（Transcation）。Curl执行我们对于`example.com`的请求，首先向服务器发送了以下信息：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||
^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 请求方法 （Request Method）
|
||||
^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 路径（Path）
|
||||
^^^^^^^^ ~ 协议（Protocol）
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
这一行可以很容易用大白话说明：“使用HTTP/1.1协议获取（GET）路径‘/’”。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来这一段通常被叫作“HTTP头”：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
Host: example.com
|
||||
User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||
Accept: */*
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
每一行意味着一个键值对，用`Key: Value`的格式。`Host: example.com`告诉服务器我们想请求的域名是`example.com`，其它两个头我们留到稍后再了解。
|
||||
这些“HTTP头”跟第一行加起来组成了“HTTP请求头部”的数据。但是还没完，这里还有一个空行：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
它标志着“HTTP请求头部”的结束。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，还有一个要注意的地方：HTTP的换行是CRLF格式，也就是大多数编程语言中的`\r\n`字符串转义，这个稍后我们自己编写HTTP服务器的时候才会变得重要。
|
||||
|
||||
我们接着来看看服务器发回给我们的数据，它跟请求有两点不同，第一个是：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
^^^^^^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 协议
|
||||
^^^ ~~~~~~ 状态码（Status Code）
|
||||
^^ ~~~ 状态信息
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
通常，状态码和状态信息一一对应，或者说，状态信息只是在解释状态码。在这里，`200`可以说是“成功”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
第二个是，它在空行之后，即”HTTP响应头部“结束之后，带上了我们请求的页面`/`：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
...
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的电脑上有[telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet)，你可以亲手发送一个HTTP请求！执行`telnet example.com 80`来连接到服务器的80端口。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ telnet example.com 80
|
||||
Trying 93.184.216.34...
|
||||
Connected to example.com.
|
||||
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
输入以下内容。就是上面HTTP请求的简化版，HTTP头只留下`Host`。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||
Host: example.com
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
别忘了空行！不必担心换行格式，telnet默认发送CRLF形式的换行，这跟HTTP的要求是一样的。
|
||||
|
||||
## 用词约定
|
||||
|
||||
### 套接字和Socket
|
||||
|
||||
Socket是一种对于网络逻辑接口的抽象，本文使用Socket一词。在有些资料中这个词被翻译成“套接字”。
|
||||
|
||||
### HTTP头部、头
|
||||
|
||||
为了尊重使用习惯，本文中的HTTP头和HTTP头部所指的内容是不一样的。为了方便理解，假设有这样的HTTP请求：
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
GET /path/to/page HTTP/1.1
|
||||
Host: example.com
|
||||
User-Agent: sample-client/1
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
HTTP头部指的是结束标志（空行）以及之前所有部分，而HTTP头指的是第一行之后、结束标志之前的键值对部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### TCP
|
||||
|
||||
本文中的TCP是Transmission Control Protocol的缩写，中文翻译是“传输控制协议”。
|
||||
|
||||
## 从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯
|
||||
|
||||
我们已经了解HTTP请求和响应的结构，从这里开始，我们将使用Python来编写一个简单的HTTP服务器。如果你不会Python，可以看看[Python文档网站上的教程](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/index.html)。我们只会使用许多编程语言都具备的概念和特性，用其它编程语言实现应该也不会有太大障碍。
|
||||
|
||||
另外提一句，所有代码都在Fedora 37上使用Python 3.11测试，但是程序并没有使用特殊的特性，在其它平台和Python上多半也能正常使用。
|
||||
|
||||
你可能没有从零开始写HTTP服务器的经验，让我来为我们将要完成的代码划分几个部分：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 监听网络端口，等待连接
|
||||
2. 从连接读取HTTP请求
|
||||
3. 生成HTTP响应并返回
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
main()
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
### 等待客户端连接
|
||||
|
||||
HTTP运行在TCP之上，我们需要打开一个TCP端口，等待客户端创建TCP连接。
|
||||
|
||||
我们将使用Python标准库里的[socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html)，这个模块应该已经随着你的Python安装了。没用过Socket API也没关系，我将对我们要进行的操作做一个简单介绍。要在一个端口上等待客户端连接，我们大概要进行以下工作：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 创建一个Socket（使用socket库里的`socket`类），配置使用TCP（HTTP在TCP上传输）
|
||||
2. 把一个端口bind到这个Socket上（使用Socket的`bind`方法）
|
||||
3. 将这个Socket设置为监听（使用Socket的`listen`方法）
|
||||
|
||||
完成这些工作后，我们就可以使用Socket的`accept`方法等待一个连接。
|
||||
|
||||
在main里添加代码之后：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM # 导入我们需要的值
|
||||
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
# SOCK_STREAM配合AF_INET就是在IPv4上使用TCP的意思，HTTP在TCP上传输
|
||||
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port: # with会在运行离开这块代码之后关闭这个Socket
|
||||
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989)) # 将127.0.0.1:8989这个地址绑定到这个Socket上
|
||||
server_port.listen() # 设置监听
|
||||
conn, addr = server_port.accept() # conn是相应连接的Socket， addr是地址
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
要实验我们的代码是否有效，我们可以编写一个供telnet使用的Echo服务器。Echo服务器，回声服务器，顾名思义就是一个原样输出收到内容的服务器。以下是包含了这个Echo服务器逻辑的文件内容。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM
|
||||
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||
server_port.listen()
|
||||
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||
with conn: # 运行离开这个with代码块时，with会帮我们关闭这个Socket
|
||||
print(f"Accepted {addr}")
|
||||
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||
while True:
|
||||
data = conn.recv(4096) # 接收最多4096 bytes的数据
|
||||
if data != b"\r\n": # 如果是一个空行（只包含CRLF换行），就退出循环
|
||||
conn.send(data)
|
||||
else:
|
||||
break
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
main()
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
假设这个Python脚本的名字叫作`server.py`，我们执行`python server.py`（因为需要Python 3，有些机器可能要使用`python3`代替`python`）。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
python server.py
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们可以使用`telnet localhost 8989`连接到我们的Echo服务器。输入一些内容、换行，看看服务器返回的内容。最后用空行退出。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ telnet localhost 8989
|
||||
Trying ::1...
|
||||
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
|
||||
Trying 127.0.0.1...
|
||||
Connected to localhost.
|
||||
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||||
Hello!
|
||||
Hello!
|
||||
|
||||
Connection closed by foreign host.
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
### 读取HTTP请求
|
||||
|
||||
先让我们来总结一下我们之前了解到的内容：一次HTTP事务包括请求和响应，请求和响应发送的数据叫作HTTP信息（Message）。
|
||||
|
||||
一个信息包括两部分：头部和主体，一个空行代表头部结束。HTTP请求和响应的头部只有第一行的格式不同，第一行之后都是由键值对组成的HTTP头。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们新添加两个函数，分别用于读取HTTP请求和处理HTTP请求：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def read_http_request(conn):
|
||||
pass
|
||||
|
||||
def handle_http_request(conn):
|
||||
pass
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
> HTTP在TCP连接上传输，TCP提供面向字节流传输，意思是：在同一个Socket上，无论你如何发送数据，TCP都将它们视为同一串数据，不保证它们分开到达目标（你可以试试搜索“TCP粘包问题”，这是一个存在又不存在的问题）。当然，TCP保证数据收到的顺序和发送的顺序一致。这也可以帮助你理解HTTP为何要如此设计。
|
||||
|
||||
为了简化代码，我们这里将使用比较简单的方法读取HTTP请求，并将其处理成三个返回值：请求方法、路径、头。请求方法和路径是字符串，头是一个Python字典（`dict`），保存HTTP头键值对。跟Python字典类似功能的东西，在其它编程语言中可能更习惯叫"Map"。
|
||||
|
||||
读取HTTP请求时，我们先原样读取出整个头部，存为字符串再解析。读取头部的函数命名为`read_http_request_header_string`。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
|
||||
buffer = bytearray()
|
||||
while True:
|
||||
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n") # 两个连在一起的CRLF，第二个CRLF就代表空行
|
||||
if header_length != -1:
|
||||
return buffer[:header_length]
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
这样我们就可以在`read_http_request`里使用它了，你可以先试着写一写这个`read_http_request`再看完整代码。
|
||||
|
||||
逻辑很简单，将读到的字符串按照`\r\n`分开，再分别处理第一行和剩余的行。需要注意的是，我们的`read_http_request_header_string`返回`bytes`（可以简单理解为一块内存），你需要用`decode`方法将其转换为字符串，该方法需要指定一个编码，你可以使用`"ascii"`。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||
s = read_http_request_header_string(conn).decode("ascii")
|
||||
lines = s.split("\r\n") # 按CRLF切开
|
||||
# 解析第一行
|
||||
fstline = lines[0]
|
||||
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ") # 按空格切开第一行
|
||||
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
|
||||
method = method.lower() # 把方法转换成小写
|
||||
# 解析头
|
||||
header = {}
|
||||
if len(lines) > 1:
|
||||
for line in lines[1:]:
|
||||
key, value = line.split(": ")
|
||||
header[key] = value
|
||||
return method, path, header
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
### 生成HTTP响应头部
|
||||
|
||||
相对于读取请求，生成响应要简单多了，只需要按照格式拼装信息：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
STATUS_MESSAGES = {
|
||||
200: "OK",
|
||||
400: "Bad Request",
|
||||
404: "Not Found",
|
||||
500: "Server Error",
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
def build_http_response_header(status_code, headers):
|
||||
lines = [
|
||||
f"HTTP/1.1 {status_code} {STATUS_MESSAGES[status_code]}"
|
||||
]
|
||||
for key, value in headers:
|
||||
lines.append(f"{key}: {value}")
|
||||
lines.append("") # 别忘了加空行
|
||||
lines.append("")
|
||||
return '\r\n'.join(lines).encode('ascii')
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，这里为了增加空行，使用两次`lines.append("")`增加了两个空字符串。因为`'\r\n'.join`只在两个字符串中间增加分隔符`"\r\n"`。
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子：我们有`"A"`、`"B"`两个字符串，每个字符串一行。如果我们不增加空字符串，`'\r\n'.join`只会在A和B之间插入一个换行，结果是`"A\r\nB"`。
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们只在列表末尾增加一个空字符串，那么最后就只会是
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
"A\r\nB\r\n"
|
||||
^ 新增加的空字符串
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
，只是在B和增加的空字符串中间增加了一个换行；如果需要单独的空行，还需要一个额外空字符串，在第一个空字符串和第二个空字符串之间再插入一个换行，才会变为我们需要的`"A\r\nB\r\n\r\n"`。
|
||||
|
||||
### 处理HTTP请求
|
||||
|
||||
接下来我们正式在`handle_http_request`中处理HTTP请求。首先我们读取HTTP请求，如果请求出错，我们返回400 Bad Request。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||
try:
|
||||
method, path, headers = read_http_request(conn)
|
||||
except Exception as e:
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
|
||||
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
|
||||
raise e # 把错误重新抛出，方便你看错误堆栈
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
然后我们检查方法是否是`get`，路径是否是`/`或者`/index.html`，满足条件的话我们就返回200 OK和一段HTML内容：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
if method == "get" and (path == "/" or path == "/index.html"):
|
||||
headers = [
|
||||
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||
("Content-Length",str(len(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML))),
|
||||
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||
]
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||
conn.send(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML)
|
||||
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
你发现我们在这里设置了三个头，一个是`Charset`，我们将它设置为`UTF-8`，这是提示客户端，我们的内容使用UTF-8编码。我们的`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`定义如下：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>""".encode("utf-8")
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
这里我们使用`.encode("utf-8")`将字符串转换为`bytes`。关于`decode`、`encode`方法和编解码可以阅读Python文档相应页面。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个头是`Content-Length`，这个头指定了HTTP主体（Body）的长度，也就是我们返回HTML的长度，接收端会根据这个长度读取主体内容。长度必须是十进制的字节数量。你可以看到我们在这里给了`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`的长度。
|
||||
|
||||
最后一个是`Connection: close`，这样设置意味着：无论是客户端还是服务器都可以在响应完成之后关闭相应连接。设置这个头是因为我们的服务器在响应HTTP请求之后就会自动关闭连接，但是HTTP/1.1默认不会关闭。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，如果不满足条件，返回404 Not Found，意味着这个页面没有找到。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
else:
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, []))
|
||||
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
最后只要在我们的main函数使用这个`handle_http_request`就好了。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||
server_port.listen()
|
||||
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||
with conn:
|
||||
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||
handle_http_request(conn)
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
使用`python server.py`启动之后，使用`curl http://localhost:8989 -v`来看看效果。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ curl http://localhost:8989 -v
|
||||
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
|
||||
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
|
||||
> GET / HTTP/1.1
|
||||
> Host: localhost:8989
|
||||
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||
> Accept: */*
|
||||
>
|
||||
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
< Charset: UTF-8
|
||||
< Content-Length: 175
|
||||
< Connection: close
|
||||
<
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
* Closing connection 0
|
||||
</html>⏎
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
我们的代码处理了一个新连接就退出了，如果要让它持续处理新连接，只要从`accept`方法开始放在死循环里就行：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def main():
|
||||
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
|
||||
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
|
||||
server_port.listen()
|
||||
while True:
|
||||
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
|
||||
with conn:
|
||||
conn.settimeout(8)
|
||||
handle_http_request(conn)
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b0aaa23f247d62bb6d78cc650732b214)
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用浏览器开发者工具
|
||||
|
||||
浏览器开发者工具是调试你Web程序的利器！它就内置在你的浏览器里，包含多个有用的工具，快捷键通常是F12。接下来，我将演示用Firefox的开发者工具查看我们的服务器响应信息。
|
||||
|
||||
先打开一个新标签页。你有两种方法打开开发者工具：一种是在浏览器菜单里点击“更多工具”， 点击“Web开发者工具”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
另一种打开方法是按键盘上的F12。
|
||||
|
||||
打开后，你就会看到开发者工具，选择“网络（Network）”页面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，在地址栏中输入我们服务器的地址`http://localhost:8989`、确认访问，就可以在这个页面下看到浏览器产生的请求。点击单个项目可以展开详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## GET和POST
|
||||
|
||||
我们的服务器应该能够根据用户的输入进行不同的操作，不然为什么不直接提供一个HTML就好了呢？正好，HTTP给我们提供了一个工具：路径里面可以携带一个叫查询（Query）的部分，`?`之后就是我们的查询，查询里面可以直接携带URI未保留字符，这些字符在URI中没有特殊意义。比如在`/?something`中，`something`就是我们的查询。
|
||||
|
||||
> 查询其实是属于URI的一部分。我们在这里说查询是在“路径”中，这里的“路径”指的是前面我们所提到HTTP请求格式中的“路径”。
|
||||
|
||||
但是有一些字符不能直接放进URI里，因为它们是URI的保留字符，比如`@`，这时候就需要转义（Escape）这些字符。我们在这使用的编码叫[URL encoding（URL编码，也可以叫percent encoding，百分号编码）](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)。
|
||||
|
||||
比如说我们要在路径里携带`example@example.com`，比如`/?email=example@example.com`，我们必须将其编码成`/?email=example%40example.com`。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然查询里面可以携带任何允许的字符，但是使用类似上面的格式仍然是比较常用的做法。也就是`key=val`代表键key的值是val，在上面就是`email`的值是`example@example.com`。如果要携带多对键值，可以用`&`从中间区分，比如`email=example%40example.com&nuke=1`，就有`email`和`nuke`两对键值。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，我们一起改写上面的服务器，让它能够接受查询字符串，比如说在访问`/?name=HTTP`的时候可以返回"Hello HTTP！"。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在GET请求中接受用户输入
|
||||
|
||||
我们要修改以下部分：
|
||||
|
||||
- 修改访问路径匹配。我们之前使用`path == "/"`来确认正在访问的路径，这样的话`/?name=HTTP`就不能访问到`/`了。
|
||||
- 处理查询里的键值对。我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询，将查询里的键值对解析成我们需要的数据结构，在这里是字典。
|
||||
- 让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`的"World"可以自定义。我们在这里使用Python的`str.format`方法。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def read_path(path: str): # 返回访问路径和查询
|
||||
parts = path.split("?", maxsplit=1)
|
||||
if len(parts) > 1:
|
||||
return parts[0], parts[1]
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return parts[0], ""
|
||||
|
||||
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
|
||||
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
然后，我们需要将查询里的键值对解析成字典：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def parse_query(q: str):
|
||||
pairs_str = q.split("&")
|
||||
pairs = {}
|
||||
for s in pairs_str:
|
||||
if s: # 确保不是空字符串
|
||||
k, v = s.split("=")
|
||||
pairs[unquote_plus(k)] = unquote_plus(v)
|
||||
return pairs
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，我们使用了`urllib.parse`的`unquote_plus`函数，你需要在文件顶部引入它：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
我们使用这个函数将URL编码的字符串转换为普通字符串。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，我们要让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`可以接受自定义名字。因为`bytes`对象没有`format`方法，我们得去掉`.encode`，改在自定义名字之后完成。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>"""
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
当我们使用`format`方法时，就可以替换掉`{name}`的内容，生成实际要发送给客户端的页面。这时`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`就被叫作“模板”，生成这个页面的过程叫“渲染”。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
|
||||
query_dict = parse_query(query) # 解析查询键值对
|
||||
# 渲染页面
|
||||
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
|
||||
# 检查键值对中有没有键name，有并且值不为空的话就以其值替换{name}，否则用World替换。
|
||||
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else "World")
|
||||
).encode("utf-8")
|
||||
headers = [
|
||||
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||
("Content-Length",str(len(content))), # 主体长度等于实际内容长度
|
||||
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||
]
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||
conn.send(content) # 发送渲染出来的页面
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
启动你的服务器。用`curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v`试试。
|
||||
|
||||
````
|
||||
$ curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v
|
||||
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
|
||||
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
|
||||
> GET /?name=HTTP HTTP/1.1
|
||||
> Host: localhost:8989
|
||||
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
|
||||
> Accept: */*
|
||||
>
|
||||
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
|
||||
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
|
||||
< Charset: UTF-8
|
||||
< Content-Length: 174
|
||||
< Connection: close
|
||||
<
|
||||
<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello HTTP!</h1>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
* Closing connection 0
|
||||
</html>⏎
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以用浏览器看看。修改一下`name`的值，看看给出什么结果。如果出现bug，尝试自己修一修。
|
||||
|
||||
修改一下模板，就可以直接在网页里面使用这个参数了。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||
<form method="GET">
|
||||
<input name="name" label="Hello to..." />
|
||||
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>"""
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
HTML不在本文范围，敬请参阅MDN Web Docs相关页面。
|
||||
|
||||
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/d32a565609ee1f2379fc9b3af1d87012)
|
||||
|
||||
### HTTP POST
|
||||
|
||||
目前为止，我们都在使用HTTP的GET方法。另一个常用的HTTP方法是POST，为什么我们需要它呢？
|
||||
|
||||
- HTTP请求可以跟响应一样携带主体。GET请求不可以携带主体，但POST请求可以。放在路径里的数据经过编码后体积可能大幅增加；主体里的数据格式并没有规定，可以不用编码。
|
||||
- 理论上HTTP请求头部的路径可以无限长，但是客户端或者服务器可能会限制路径最大长度。
|
||||
- 在浏览器中，路径会被记录在浏览历史里，放在主体里的数据一般不会被记录。
|
||||
|
||||
如果我们使用HTML的form元素进行请求，POST请求主体使用的格式与我们之前查询键值对的格式相同。键是form元素内input元素name属性的值。
|
||||
|
||||
> 绝大部分情况下，你应该用GET方法展示数据、POST方法只用来记录数据。在刷新POST方法返回的页面时，浏览器需要重新提交请求，并会询问用户是否要这样做（因为这样做可能会导致不需要的副作用）。大部分情况下，这不是用户想体验的麻烦。
|
||||
> 如果你使用HTML的form直接处理POST提交，你可以在处理POST方法完成后返回[HTTP 303 See Other状态码](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/303)并在`Location`头中指定重新请求的地址，让浏览器用GET方法重新请求并展示相应页面。
|
||||
> 我们接下来就是采用类似方法。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来改写我们之前的服务器，让它可以接受POST方法的`default_name`参数，并将它设置为默认名字（当没有name参数时使用的名字）。
|
||||
|
||||
先添加一个全局变量：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
global default_name
|
||||
default_name = "World"
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
这是个比较大的改写，首先我们要先改写读取HTTP请求的部分，让它支持读取主体。然后我们要使用一个全局变量保存我们对默认名字的修改。
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
|
||||
buffer = bytearray()
|
||||
while True:
|
||||
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n")
|
||||
if header_length != -1:
|
||||
return buffer[:header_length], buffer[header_length+4:]
|
||||
|
||||
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||
s, rest = read_http_request_header_string(conn)
|
||||
s = s.decode("ascii")
|
||||
lines = s.split("\r\n")
|
||||
# 解析第一行
|
||||
fstline = lines[0]
|
||||
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ")
|
||||
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
|
||||
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
|
||||
method = method.lower()
|
||||
# 解析头
|
||||
header = {}
|
||||
if len(lines) > 1:
|
||||
for line in lines[1:]:
|
||||
key, value = line.split(": ")
|
||||
header[key] = value
|
||||
return method, path, header, rest
|
||||
|
||||
def read_http_request_body(conn: socket, length: int, buffer: bytearray):
|
||||
while len(buffer) < length:
|
||||
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
|
||||
return buffer[:length]
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
我们在原先`read_http_request`函数的基础上增加`read_http_request_body`，并且让`read_http_request`返回多读的数据（在`\r\n\r\n`之后的数据）。在`handle_http_request`，我们这样读取主体：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
|
||||
global default_name
|
||||
try:
|
||||
method, path, headers, rest = read_http_request(conn)
|
||||
if "Content-Length" in headers:
|
||||
body = read_http_request_body(conn, int(headers["Content-Length"]), rest)
|
||||
# 我们在这只支持Content-Length，不支持Transfer-Encoding: chunked
|
||||
else:
|
||||
body = bytearray()
|
||||
except Exception as e:
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
|
||||
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
|
||||
raise e
|
||||
# ...
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
接下来我们要改动检查路径和方法的代码：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
|
||||
if onlypath == "/":
|
||||
if method == "get":
|
||||
query_dict = parse_query(query)
|
||||
# 渲染页面
|
||||
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
|
||||
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else default_name)
|
||||
# 这里引用全局变量default_name的值，而不是硬编码"World"
|
||||
).encode("utf-8")
|
||||
headers = [
|
||||
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
|
||||
("Content-Length",str(len(content))),
|
||||
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||
]
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
|
||||
conn.send(content)
|
||||
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
|
||||
return # 响应完成，直接返回
|
||||
elif method == "post": # 处理POST请求
|
||||
form_data_s = body.decode("utf-8")
|
||||
form_dict = parse_query(form_data_s)
|
||||
if form_dict.get("default_name"):
|
||||
default_name = form_dict["default_name"]
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(303, [
|
||||
("Connection", "close"),
|
||||
("Location", "."),
|
||||
])) # 让浏览器重新用GET请求并展示当前页面，Location是“.”
|
||||
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 303 {STATUS_MESSAGES[303]}")
|
||||
return # 响应完成，直接返回
|
||||
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, [])) # 没有匹配的路径或者方法，返回404
|
||||
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
最后，改动一下模板，这样我们就可以直接使用这个参数了：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
|
||||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<title>Default Page</title>
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body>
|
||||
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
|
||||
<form method="GET">
|
||||
<input name="name"/>
|
||||
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
<h2>Default Name</h2>
|
||||
<form method="POST">
|
||||
<input name="default_name" />
|
||||
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
||||
</form>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>"""
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b69161000e5ea2904057a49f16b5ac8b)
|
||||
|
||||
### 再进一步
|
||||
|
||||
我们的代码尚不完善，你可以试试按以下方向改进。
|
||||
|
||||
- 处理并发连接
|
||||
|
||||
当前的代码只能依照顺序一个一个处理连接，你使用多线程或者Python的asyncio让我们的服务器能够并发处理连接。
|
||||
|
||||
参考资料：
|
||||
|
||||
- [Python文档：threading模块](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/threading.html#module-threading)
|
||||
- [Python文档：asyncio](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio)
|
||||
|
||||
- 连接复用
|
||||
|
||||
当前代码在回应请求之后就直接关闭连接，你可以支持HTTP/1.1式的连接复用来提高连接使用效率。
|
||||
|
||||
参考资料：
|
||||
|
||||
- [MDN Web Docs：HTTP Keep-Alive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Keep-Alive)
|
||||
- [MDB Web Docs：HTTP Connection](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Connection)
|
||||
|
||||
- 增强兼容性
|
||||
|
||||
我们目前的代码作了一些假设，你可以改进代码以提高对不同客户端的兼容性。
|
||||
|
||||
- 支持[HTTP Transfer-Encoding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Transfer-Encoding)，我们的代码中没有支持这种传输方式
|
||||
|
||||
- 包装和抽象
|
||||
|
||||
你可以将HTTP服务器包装起来，甚至进一步包装成可以使用的框架，为用户提供可用的API。例如：
|
||||
|
||||
````python
|
||||
from mymodule import MyServer
|
||||
|
||||
def handle_index(request):
|
||||
return request.ok(template="index.html")
|
||||
|
||||
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
||||
server = MyServer({
|
||||
"/": handle_index
|
||||
})
|
||||
server.run()
|
||||
````
|
||||
|
||||
你还可以试试阅读[Tornado的代码](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado)，这是一个Python异步Web框架。
|
||||
|
||||
- 支持Cookie
|
||||
|
||||
HTTP是一个无状态协议：不同的响应-请求之间没有联系。HTTP Cookie是一项在不同响应-请求之间保留数据的技术。设计一个需要保留数据的功能，并在我们的HTTP服务器中实现它。
|
||||
|
||||
参考资料：
|
||||
|
||||
- [MDN Web Docs：Using HTTP cookies](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies)
|
||||
|
||||
## 参考资料和扩展阅读
|
||||
|
||||
- [MDN Web Docs: HTTP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP)
|
||||
- [Python Docs: socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html)
|
||||
- [Wikipedia: URL encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)
|
||||
- [Wikipedia: Telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet)
|
||||
|
||||
本文内容主要基于HTTP/1.1。如今，HTTP已经改进出HTTP/2和HTTP/3。这些新版本协议更加高效，更加适合我们当下的使用场景。虽然HTTP/2和HTTP/3与HTTP/1.1相比变化很大，但是基本概念并没有什么变动。
|
||||
|
||||
- [Web.dev: Introduction to HTTP/2](https://web.dev/performance-http2/)
|
||||
- [Couldflare: What is HTTP/3?](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/performance/what-is-http3/)
|
||||
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|
|
@ -1 +1 @@
|
|||
Subproject commit 3534fd07c303322d6e8dfc805457553990db6753
|
||||
Subproject commit b38efd3f7db191477c6e1c3034ed82dcdeeba84a
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue