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No commits in common. "2c2ea539b193a50923f8c9c528693122a7b05e1c" and "3af36740d44567e0b642ddff1eedd8f29c9dc8a9" have entirely different histories.

7 changed files with 163 additions and 1135 deletions

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@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
"new": "hexo new" "new": "hexo new"
}, },
"hexo": { "hexo": {
"version": "7.3.0" "version": "7.2.0"
}, },
"dependencies": { "dependencies": {
"axios": "^1.7.7", "axios": "^1.7.2",
"hexo": "^7.3.0", "hexo": "^7.2.0",
"hexo-feed": "^1.1.2", "hexo-feed": "^1.1.2",
"hexo-generator-archive": "^2.0.0", "hexo-generator-archive": "^2.0.0",
"hexo-generator-category": "^2.0.0", "hexo-generator-category": "^2.0.0",
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
"rate-limiter-flexible": "^2.4.2" "rate-limiter-flexible": "^2.4.2"
}, },
"devDependencies": { "devDependencies": {
"wrangler": "^3.79.0" "wrangler": "^3.58.0"
}, },
"packageManager": "pnpm@9.12.0+sha512.4abf725084d7bcbafbd728bfc7bee61f2f791f977fd87542b3579dcb23504d170d46337945e4c66485cd12d588a0c0e570ed9c477e7ccdd8507cf05f3f92eaca" "packageManager": "pnpm@9.4.0+sha512.f549b8a52c9d2b8536762f99c0722205efc5af913e77835dbccc3b0b0b2ca9e7dc8022b78062c17291c48e88749c70ce88eb5a74f1fa8c4bf5e18bb46c8bd83a"
} }

View file

@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ importers:
.: .:
dependencies: dependencies:
axios: axios:
specifier: ^1.7.7 specifier: ^1.7.2
version: 1.7.7 version: 1.7.2
hexo: hexo:
specifier: ^7.3.0 specifier: ^7.2.0
version: 7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0) version: 7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
hexo-feed: hexo-feed:
specifier: ^1.1.2 specifier: ^1.1.2
version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)) version: 1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0))
hexo-generator-archive: hexo-generator-archive:
specifier: ^2.0.0 specifier: ^2.0.0
version: 2.0.0 version: 2.0.0
@ -49,52 +49,48 @@ importers:
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devDependencies: devDependencies:
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version: 3.79.0 version: 3.58.0
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@ -283,12 +279,12 @@ packages:
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@ -444,8 +440,8 @@ packages:
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'@types/node-forge@1.3.11': '@types/node-forge@1.3.11':
dependencies: dependencies:
'@types/node': 22.7.4 '@types/node': 20.14.0
'@types/node@22.7.4': '@types/node@20.14.0':
dependencies: dependencies:
undici-types: 6.19.8 undici-types: 5.26.5
a-sync-waterfall@1.0.1: {} a-sync-waterfall@1.0.1: {}
@ -1423,18 +1393,16 @@ snapshots:
acorn-globals@7.0.1: acorn-globals@7.0.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
acorn: 8.12.1 acorn: 8.11.3
acorn-walk: 8.3.4 acorn-walk: 8.3.2
acorn-walk@8.3.4: acorn-walk@8.3.2: {}
dependencies:
acorn: 8.12.1
acorn@8.12.1: {} acorn@8.11.3: {}
agent-base@6.0.2: agent-base@6.0.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
debug: 4.3.7 debug: 4.3.5
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
@ -1459,13 +1427,13 @@ snapshots:
asap@2.0.6: {} asap@2.0.6: {}
async@3.2.6: {} async@3.2.5: {}
asynckit@0.4.0: {} asynckit@0.4.0: {}
axios@1.7.7: axios@1.7.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
follow-redirects: 1.15.9 follow-redirects: 1.15.6
form-data: 4.0.0 form-data: 4.0.0
proxy-from-env: 1.1.0 proxy-from-env: 1.1.0
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
@ -1501,12 +1469,12 @@ snapshots:
camel-case@4.1.2: camel-case@4.1.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
pascal-case: 3.1.2 pascal-case: 3.1.2
tslib: 2.7.0 tslib: 2.6.2
capnp-ts@0.7.0: capnp-ts@0.7.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
debug: 4.3.7 debug: 4.3.5
tslib: 2.7.0 tslib: 2.6.2
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
@ -1543,7 +1511,7 @@ snapshots:
compressible@2.0.18: compressible@2.0.18:
dependencies: dependencies:
mime-db: 1.53.0 mime-db: 1.52.0
compression@1.7.4: compression@1.7.4:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -1598,16 +1566,14 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
ms: 2.0.0 ms: 2.0.0
debug@4.3.7: debug@4.3.5:
dependencies: dependencies:
ms: 2.1.3 ms: 2.1.2
decimal.js@10.4.3: {} decimal.js@10.4.3: {}
deepmerge@4.3.1: {} deepmerge@4.3.1: {}
defu@6.1.4: {}
delayed-stream@1.0.0: {} delayed-stream@1.0.0: {}
depd@2.0.0: {} depd@2.0.0: {}
@ -1630,7 +1596,7 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
domelementtype: 2.3.0 domelementtype: 2.3.0
dompurify@3.1.7: {} dompurify@3.1.5: {}
domutils@3.1.0: domutils@3.1.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -1642,12 +1608,10 @@ snapshots:
ejs@3.1.10: ejs@3.1.10:
dependencies: dependencies:
jake: 10.9.2 jake: 10.9.1
encodeurl@1.0.2: {} encodeurl@1.0.2: {}
encodeurl@2.0.0: {}
entities@4.5.0: {} entities@4.5.0: {}
esbuild@0.17.19: esbuild@0.17.19:
@ -1721,7 +1685,7 @@ snapshots:
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
follow-redirects@1.15.9: {} follow-redirects@1.15.6: {}
form-data@4.0.0: form-data@4.0.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -1775,14 +1739,14 @@ snapshots:
hexo-log: 4.1.0 hexo-log: 4.1.0
hexo-util: 3.3.0 hexo-util: 3.3.0
minimist: 1.2.8 minimist: 1.2.8
picocolors: 1.1.0 picocolors: 1.0.1
resolve: 1.22.8 resolve: 1.22.8
tildify: 2.0.0 tildify: 2.0.0
hexo-feed@1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0)): hexo-feed@1.1.2(chalk@4.1.2)(hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)):
dependencies: dependencies:
chalk: 4.1.2 chalk: 4.1.2
hexo: 7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0) hexo: 7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0)
hexo-front-matter@4.2.1: hexo-front-matter@4.2.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -1817,7 +1781,7 @@ snapshots:
hexo-log@4.1.0: hexo-log@4.1.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
picocolors: 1.1.0 picocolors: 1.0.1
hexo-pagination@3.0.0: {} hexo-pagination@3.0.0: {}
@ -1827,7 +1791,7 @@ snapshots:
hexo-renderer-marked@6.3.0: hexo-renderer-marked@6.3.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
dompurify: 3.1.7 dompurify: 3.1.5
hexo-util: 3.3.0 hexo-util: 3.3.0
jsdom: 20.0.3 jsdom: 20.0.3
marked: 4.3.0 marked: 4.3.0
@ -1853,7 +1817,7 @@ snapshots:
mime: 2.6.0 mime: 2.6.0
morgan: 1.10.0 morgan: 1.10.0
open: 7.4.2 open: 7.4.2
serve-static: 1.16.2 serve-static: 1.15.0
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
@ -1864,12 +1828,12 @@ snapshots:
camel-case: 4.1.2 camel-case: 4.1.2
cross-spawn: 7.0.3 cross-spawn: 7.0.3
deepmerge: 4.3.1 deepmerge: 4.3.1
highlight.js: 11.10.0 highlight.js: 11.9.0
htmlparser2: 9.1.0 htmlparser2: 9.1.0
prismjs: 1.29.0 prismjs: 1.29.0
strip-indent: 3.0.0 strip-indent: 3.0.0
hexo@7.3.0(chokidar@3.6.0): hexo@7.2.0(chokidar@3.6.0):
dependencies: dependencies:
abbrev: 2.0.0 abbrev: 2.0.0
archy: 1.0.0 archy: 1.0.0
@ -1882,12 +1846,12 @@ snapshots:
hexo-util: 3.3.0 hexo-util: 3.3.0
js-yaml: 4.1.0 js-yaml: 4.1.0
js-yaml-js-types: 1.0.1(js-yaml@4.1.0) js-yaml-js-types: 1.0.1(js-yaml@4.1.0)
micromatch: 4.0.8 micromatch: 4.0.7
moize: 6.1.6 moize: 6.1.6
moment: 2.30.1 moment: 2.30.1
moment-timezone: 0.5.45 moment-timezone: 0.5.45
nunjucks: 3.2.4(chokidar@3.6.0) nunjucks: 3.2.4(chokidar@3.6.0)
picocolors: 1.1.0 picocolors: 1.0.1
pretty-hrtime: 1.0.3 pretty-hrtime: 1.0.3
resolve: 1.22.8 resolve: 1.22.8
strip-ansi: 6.0.1 strip-ansi: 6.0.1
@ -1898,7 +1862,7 @@ snapshots:
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- chokidar - chokidar
highlight.js@11.10.0: {} highlight.js@11.9.0: {}
html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0: html-encoding-sniffer@3.0.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -1923,14 +1887,14 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
'@tootallnate/once': 2.0.0 '@tootallnate/once': 2.0.0
agent-base: 6.0.2 agent-base: 6.0.2
debug: 4.3.7 debug: 4.3.5
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
https-proxy-agent@5.0.1: https-proxy-agent@5.0.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
agent-base: 6.0.2 agent-base: 6.0.2
debug: 4.3.7 debug: 4.3.5
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
@ -1949,7 +1913,7 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
binary-extensions: 2.3.0 binary-extensions: 2.3.0
is-core-module@2.15.1: is-core-module@2.13.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
hasown: 2.0.2 hasown: 2.0.2
@ -1973,9 +1937,9 @@ snapshots:
isexe@2.0.0: {} isexe@2.0.0: {}
jake@10.9.2: jake@10.9.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
async: 3.2.6 async: 3.2.5
chalk: 4.1.2 chalk: 4.1.2
filelist: 1.0.4 filelist: 1.0.4
minimatch: 3.1.2 minimatch: 3.1.2
@ -1992,7 +1956,7 @@ snapshots:
jsdom@20.0.3: jsdom@20.0.3:
dependencies: dependencies:
abab: 2.0.6 abab: 2.0.6
acorn: 8.12.1 acorn: 8.11.3
acorn-globals: 7.0.1 acorn-globals: 7.0.1
cssom: 0.5.0 cssom: 0.5.0
cssstyle: 2.3.0 cssstyle: 2.3.0
@ -2005,7 +1969,7 @@ snapshots:
http-proxy-agent: 5.0.0 http-proxy-agent: 5.0.0
https-proxy-agent: 5.0.1 https-proxy-agent: 5.0.1
is-potential-custom-element-name: 1.0.1 is-potential-custom-element-name: 1.0.1
nwsapi: 2.2.13 nwsapi: 2.2.10
parse5: 7.1.2 parse5: 7.1.2
saxes: 6.0.0 saxes: 6.0.0
symbol-tree: 3.2.4 symbol-tree: 3.2.4
@ -2015,7 +1979,7 @@ snapshots:
whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0 whatwg-encoding: 2.0.0
whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0 whatwg-mimetype: 3.0.0
whatwg-url: 11.0.0 whatwg-url: 11.0.0
ws: 8.18.0 ws: 8.17.0
xml-name-validator: 4.0.0 xml-name-validator: 4.0.0
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- bufferutil - bufferutil
@ -2026,7 +1990,7 @@ snapshots:
lower-case@2.0.2: lower-case@2.0.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
tslib: 2.7.0 tslib: 2.6.2
magic-string@0.25.9: magic-string@0.25.9:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -2036,15 +2000,13 @@ snapshots:
micro-memoize@4.1.2: {} micro-memoize@4.1.2: {}
micromatch@4.0.8: micromatch@4.0.7:
dependencies: dependencies:
braces: 3.0.3 braces: 3.0.3
picomatch: 2.3.1 picomatch: 2.3.1
mime-db@1.52.0: {} mime-db@1.52.0: {}
mime-db@1.53.0: {}
mime-types@2.1.35: mime-types@2.1.35:
dependencies: dependencies:
mime-db: 1.52.0 mime-db: 1.52.0
@ -2057,18 +2019,18 @@ snapshots:
min-indent@1.0.1: {} min-indent@1.0.1: {}
miniflare@3.20240925.0: miniflare@3.20240524.1:
dependencies: dependencies:
'@cspotcode/source-map-support': 0.8.1 '@cspotcode/source-map-support': 0.8.1
acorn: 8.12.1 acorn: 8.11.3
acorn-walk: 8.3.4 acorn-walk: 8.3.2
capnp-ts: 0.7.0 capnp-ts: 0.7.0
exit-hook: 2.2.1 exit-hook: 2.2.1
glob-to-regexp: 0.4.1 glob-to-regexp: 0.4.1
stoppable: 1.1.0 stoppable: 1.1.0
undici: 5.28.4 undici: 5.28.4
workerd: 1.20240925.0 workerd: 1.20240524.0
ws: 8.18.0 ws: 8.17.0
youch: 3.3.3 youch: 3.3.3
zod: 3.23.8 zod: 3.23.8
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
@ -2109,6 +2071,8 @@ snapshots:
ms@2.0.0: {} ms@2.0.0: {}
ms@2.1.2: {}
ms@2.1.3: {} ms@2.1.3: {}
mustache@4.2.0: {} mustache@4.2.0: {}
@ -2124,7 +2088,7 @@ snapshots:
no-case@3.0.4: no-case@3.0.4:
dependencies: dependencies:
lower-case: 2.0.2 lower-case: 2.0.2
tslib: 2.7.0 tslib: 2.6.2
node-forge@1.3.1: {} node-forge@1.3.1: {}
@ -2138,9 +2102,7 @@ snapshots:
optionalDependencies: optionalDependencies:
chokidar: 3.6.0 chokidar: 3.6.0
nwsapi@2.2.13: {} nwsapi@2.2.10: {}
ohash@1.1.4: {}
on-finished@2.3.0: on-finished@2.3.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -2170,7 +2132,7 @@ snapshots:
pascal-case@3.1.2: pascal-case@3.1.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
no-case: 3.0.4 no-case: 3.0.4
tslib: 2.7.0 tslib: 2.6.2
path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {} path-is-absolute@1.0.1: {}
@ -2178,11 +2140,9 @@ snapshots:
path-parse@1.0.7: {} path-parse@1.0.7: {}
path-to-regexp@6.3.0: {} path-to-regexp@6.2.2: {}
pathe@1.1.2: {} picocolors@1.0.1: {}
picocolors@1.1.0: {}
picomatch@2.3.1: {} picomatch@2.3.1: {}
@ -2220,11 +2180,11 @@ snapshots:
resolve@1.22.8: resolve@1.22.8:
dependencies: dependencies:
is-core-module: 2.15.1 is-core-module: 2.13.1
path-parse: 1.0.7 path-parse: 1.0.7
supports-preserve-symlinks-flag: 1.0.0 supports-preserve-symlinks-flag: 1.0.0
rfdc@1.4.1: {} rfdc@1.3.1: {}
rollup-plugin-inject@3.0.2: rollup-plugin-inject@3.0.2:
dependencies: dependencies:
@ -2257,7 +2217,7 @@ snapshots:
'@types/node-forge': 1.3.11 '@types/node-forge': 1.3.11
node-forge: 1.3.1 node-forge: 1.3.1
send@0.19.0: send@0.18.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
debug: 2.6.9 debug: 2.6.9
depd: 2.0.0 depd: 2.0.0
@ -2275,12 +2235,12 @@ snapshots:
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
serve-static@1.16.2: serve-static@1.15.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
encodeurl: 2.0.0 encodeurl: 1.0.2
escape-html: 1.0.3 escape-html: 1.0.3
parseurl: 1.3.3 parseurl: 1.3.3
send: 0.19.0 send: 0.18.0
transitivePeerDependencies: transitivePeerDependencies:
- supports-color - supports-color
@ -2326,7 +2286,7 @@ snapshots:
stylus@0.62.0: stylus@0.62.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
'@adobe/css-tools': 4.3.3 '@adobe/css-tools': 4.3.3
debug: 4.3.7 debug: 4.3.5
glob: 7.2.3 glob: 7.2.3
sax: 1.3.0 sax: 1.3.0
source-map: 0.7.4 source-map: 0.7.4
@ -2368,23 +2328,14 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
punycode: 2.3.1 punycode: 2.3.1
tslib@2.7.0: {} tslib@2.6.2: {}
ufo@1.5.4: {} undici-types@5.26.5: {}
undici-types@6.19.8: {}
undici@5.28.4: undici@5.28.4:
dependencies: dependencies:
'@fastify/busboy': 2.1.1 '@fastify/busboy': 2.1.1
unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854:
dependencies:
defu: 6.1.4
ohash: 1.1.4
pathe: 1.1.2
ufo: 1.5.4
universalify@0.2.0: {} universalify@0.2.0: {}
unpipe@1.0.0: {} unpipe@1.0.0: {}
@ -2412,7 +2363,7 @@ snapshots:
hexo-log: 4.1.0 hexo-log: 4.1.0
is-plain-object: 5.0.0 is-plain-object: 5.0.0
jsonparse: 1.3.1 jsonparse: 1.3.1
rfdc: 1.4.1 rfdc: 1.3.1
through2: 4.0.2 through2: 4.0.2
webidl-conversions@7.0.0: {} webidl-conversions@7.0.0: {}
@ -2432,32 +2383,29 @@ snapshots:
dependencies: dependencies:
isexe: 2.0.0 isexe: 2.0.0
workerd@1.20240925.0: workerd@1.20240524.0:
optionalDependencies: optionalDependencies:
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240925.0 '@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-64': 1.20240524.0
'@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240925.0 '@cloudflare/workerd-darwin-arm64': 1.20240524.0
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240925.0 '@cloudflare/workerd-linux-64': 1.20240524.0
'@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240925.0 '@cloudflare/workerd-linux-arm64': 1.20240524.0
'@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240925.0 '@cloudflare/workerd-windows-64': 1.20240524.0
wrangler@3.79.0: wrangler@3.58.0:
dependencies: dependencies:
'@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.4 '@cloudflare/kv-asset-handler': 0.3.2
'@cloudflare/workers-shared': 0.5.4
'@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill': 0.2.3(esbuild@0.17.19) '@esbuild-plugins/node-globals-polyfill': 0.2.3(esbuild@0.17.19)
'@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill': 0.2.2(esbuild@0.17.19) '@esbuild-plugins/node-modules-polyfill': 0.2.2(esbuild@0.17.19)
blake3-wasm: 2.1.5 blake3-wasm: 2.1.5
chokidar: 3.6.0 chokidar: 3.6.0
esbuild: 0.17.19 esbuild: 0.17.19
miniflare: 3.20240925.0 miniflare: 3.20240524.1
nanoid: 3.3.7 nanoid: 3.3.7
path-to-regexp: 6.3.0 path-to-regexp: 6.2.2
resolve: 1.22.8 resolve: 1.22.8
resolve.exports: 2.0.2 resolve.exports: 2.0.2
selfsigned: 2.4.1 selfsigned: 2.4.1
source-map: 0.6.1 source-map: 0.6.1
unenv: unenv-nightly@2.0.0-20240919-125358-9a64854
workerd: 1.20240925.0
xxhash-wasm: 1.0.2 xxhash-wasm: 1.0.2
optionalDependencies: optionalDependencies:
fsevents: 2.3.3 fsevents: 2.3.3
@ -2468,7 +2416,7 @@ snapshots:
wrappy@1.0.2: {} wrappy@1.0.2: {}
ws@8.18.0: {} ws@8.17.0: {}
xml-name-validator@4.0.0: {} xml-name-validator@4.0.0: {}

View file

@ -1,911 +0,0 @@
---
title: 超文本传输协议HTTP快速入门
tags:
- 网络协议
- HTTP
date: 2023-03-21 00:00:00
---
- [请求一个页面](#请求一个页面)
- [用词约定](#用词约定)
- [从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯](#从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯)
- [GET和POST](#GET和POST)
- [参考资料和扩展阅读](#参考资料和扩展阅读)
<!--more-->
## 请求一个页面
这篇文章会用到[Curl](https://curl.dev/)Curl是一个用于在命令行中访问URIUniform Resource Indicator统一资源标志符我们常说的“网址”的工具。我们用它作为例子看看一个HTTP客户端如何从服务器获取网页。
在大多数Linux发行版中这个工具都是默认安装的你可以在终端模拟器中尝试`curl --version`
````
$ curl --version
curl 7.85.0 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.85.0 OpenSSL/3.0.8 zlib/1.2.12 brotli/1.0.9 libidn2/2.3.4 libpsl/0.21.1 (+libidn2/2.3.3) libssh/0.10.4/openssl/zlib nghttp2/1.51.0
Release-Date: 2022-08-31
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher gophers http https imap imaps ldap ldaps mqtt pop3 pop3s rtsp scp sftp smb smbs smtp smtps telnet tftp
Features: alt-svc AsynchDNS brotli GSS-API HSTS HTTP2 HTTPS-proxy IDN IPv6 Kerberos Largefile libz NTLM NTLM_WB PSL SPNEGO SSL threadsafe TLS-SRP UnixSockets
````
如果你的系统已经安装了Curl就会出现和上面类似的输出而不是一条“找不到”的报错。
如果你使用Windows[Windows 10和Windows 11已经预装Curl](https://curl.se/windows/microsoft.html)。但是在PowerShell的默认环境下使用`curl`不会使用curl你需要用`curl.exe`来代替接下来所有命令中的`curl`。提示如果你的命令窗口标题有PowerShell字样说明你可能正在使用PowerShell
你可以在命令行窗口中尝试`curl --version`
````
> curl.exe --version
curl 7.79.1 (Windows) libcurl/7.79.1 Schannel
Release-Date: 2021-09-22
Protocols: dict file ftp ftps http https imap imaps pop3 pop3s smtp smtps telnet tftp
Features: AsynchDNS HSTS IPv6 Kerberos Largefile NTLM SPNEGO SSL SSPI UnixSockets
````
如果你正在使用没有预装Curl的Windows你可以在 [curl.se/windows/](https://curl.se/windows/) 下载。
确认Curl可以使用我们来试试访问`http://example.com`
````
$ curl --http1.1 http://example.com -v
* Trying 93.184.216.34:80...
* Trying 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946:80...
* Immediate connect fail for 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946: 网络不可达
* Connected to example.com (93.184.216.34) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Age: 106060
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< X-Cache: HIT
< Content-Length: 1256
<
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
* Connection #0 to host example.com left intact
````
在我们使用curl时我们加上了两个额外参数一个是`--http1.1`,一个是`-v`。`--http1.1`告诉Curl我们要求它使用1.1版本的HTTP否则Curl可能会自动选择其它版本的HTTP`-v`则让Curl展示更详细一点的信息包括连接服务器和HTTP请求。
让我们来关注`<!doctype html>`之前以`<`或`>`开头的行:
````
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: example.com
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Age: 106060
< Cache-Control: max-age=604800
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
< Date: Sat, 18 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
< Etag: "3147526947+ident"
< Expires: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 06:39:37 GMT
< Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
< Server: ECS (sab/5707)
< Vary: Accept-Encoding
< X-Cache: HIT
< Content-Length: 1256
<
````
在这里,`>`的意思是发送到服务器,`<`是从服务器接收。我们向服务器发送的是“请求”Request而服务器向我们返回“响应”Response一次请求-响应是一次“事务”Transcation。Curl执行我们对于`example.com`的请求,首先向服务器发送了以下信息:
````
GET / HTTP/1.1
^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 请求方法 Request Method
^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 路径Path
^^^^^^^^ ~ 协议Protocol
````
这一行可以很容易用大白话说明“使用HTTP/1.1协议获取GET路径/’”。
接下来这一段通常被叫作“HTTP头”
````
Host: example.com
User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
Accept: */*
````
每一行意味着一个键值对,用`Key: Value`的格式。`Host: example.com`告诉服务器我们想请求的域名是`example.com`,其它两个头我们留到稍后再了解。
这些“HTTP头”跟第一行加起来组成了“HTTP请求头部”的数据。但是还没完这里还有一个空行
````
````
它标志着“HTTP请求头部”的结束。
另外还有一个要注意的地方HTTP的换行是CRLF格式也就是大多数编程语言中的`\r\n`字符串转义这个稍后我们自己编写HTTP服务器的时候才会变得重要。
我们接着来看看服务器发回给我们的数据,它跟请求有两点不同,第一个是:
````
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
^^^^^^^^ ~~~~~~~~~~ 协议
^^^ ~~~~~~ 状态码Status Code
^^ ~~~ 状态信息
````
通常,状态码和状态信息一一对应,或者说,状态信息只是在解释状态码。在这里,`200`可以说是“成功”的意思。
第二个是它在空行之后即”HTTP响应头部“结束之后带上了我们请求的页面`/`
````
<!doctype html>
<html>
...
````
如果你的电脑上有[telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet)你可以亲手发送一个HTTP请求执行`telnet example.com 80`来连接到服务器的80端口。
````
$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
````
输入以下内容。就是上面HTTP请求的简化版HTTP头只留下`Host`。
````
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
````
别忘了空行不必担心换行格式telnet默认发送CRLF形式的换行这跟HTTP的要求是一样的。
## 用词约定
### 套接字和Socket
Socket是一种对于网络逻辑接口的抽象本文使用Socket一词。在有些资料中这个词被翻译成“套接字”。
### HTTP头部、头
为了尊重使用习惯本文中的HTTP头和HTTP头部所指的内容是不一样的。为了方便理解假设有这样的HTTP请求
````
GET /path/to/page HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
User-Agent: sample-client/1
````
HTTP头部指的是结束标志空行以及之前所有部分而HTTP头指的是第一行之后、结束标志之前的键值对部分。
### TCP
本文中的TCP是Transmission Control Protocol的缩写中文翻译是“传输控制协议”。
## 从零开始的HTTP服务器生涯
我们已经了解HTTP请求和响应的结构从这里开始我们将使用Python来编写一个简单的HTTP服务器。如果你不会Python可以看看[Python文档网站上的教程](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/index.html)。我们只会使用许多编程语言都具备的概念和特性,用其它编程语言实现应该也不会有太大障碍。
另外提一句所有代码都在Fedora 37上使用Python 3.11测试但是程序并没有使用特殊的特性在其它平台和Python上多半也能正常使用。
你可能没有从零开始写HTTP服务器的经验让我来为我们将要完成的代码划分几个部分
1. 监听网络端口,等待连接
2. 从连接读取HTTP请求
3. 生成HTTP响应并返回
````python
def main():
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
````
### 等待客户端连接
HTTP运行在TCP之上我们需要打开一个TCP端口等待客户端创建TCP连接。
我们将使用Python标准库里的[socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html)这个模块应该已经随着你的Python安装了。没用过Socket API也没关系我将对我们要进行的操作做一个简单介绍。要在一个端口上等待客户端连接我们大概要进行以下工作
1. 创建一个Socket使用socket库里的`socket`类配置使用TCPHTTP在TCP上传输
2. 把一个端口bind到这个Socket上使用Socket的`bind`方法)
3. 将这个Socket设置为监听使用Socket的`listen`方法)
完成这些工作后我们就可以使用Socket的`accept`方法等待一个连接。
在main里添加代码之后
````python
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM # 导入我们需要的值
def main():
# SOCK_STREAM配合AF_INET就是在IPv4上使用TCP的意思HTTP在TCP上传输
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port: # with会在运行离开这块代码之后关闭这个Socket
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989)) # 将127.0.0.1:8989这个地址绑定到这个Socket上
server_port.listen() # 设置监听
conn, addr = server_port.accept() # conn是相应连接的Socket addr是地址
````
要实验我们的代码是否有效我们可以编写一个供telnet使用的Echo服务器。Echo服务器回声服务器顾名思义就是一个原样输出收到内容的服务器。以下是包含了这个Echo服务器逻辑的文件内容。
````python
from socket import socket, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM
def main():
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
server_port.listen()
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
with conn: # 运行离开这个with代码块时with会帮我们关闭这个Socket
print(f"Accepted {addr}")
conn.settimeout(8)
while True:
data = conn.recv(4096) # 接收最多4096 bytes的数据
if data != b"\r\n": # 如果是一个空行只包含CRLF换行就退出循环
conn.send(data)
else:
break
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
````
假设这个Python脚本的名字叫作`server.py`,我们执行`python server.py`因为需要Python 3有些机器可能要使用`python3`代替`python`)。
````
python server.py
````
现在我们可以使用`telnet localhost 8989`连接到我们的Echo服务器。输入一些内容、换行看看服务器返回的内容。最后用空行退出。
````
$ telnet localhost 8989
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
Hello!
Hello!
Connection closed by foreign host.
````
### 读取HTTP请求
先让我们来总结一下我们之前了解到的内容一次HTTP事务包括请求和响应请求和响应发送的数据叫作HTTP信息Message
一个信息包括两部分头部和主体一个空行代表头部结束。HTTP请求和响应的头部只有第一行的格式不同第一行之后都是由键值对组成的HTTP头。
让我们新添加两个函数分别用于读取HTTP请求和处理HTTP请求
````python
def read_http_request(conn):
pass
def handle_http_request(conn):
pass
````
> HTTP在TCP连接上传输TCP提供面向字节流传输意思是在同一个Socket上无论你如何发送数据TCP都将它们视为同一串数据不保证它们分开到达目标你可以试试搜索“TCP粘包问题”这是一个存在又不存在的问题。当然TCP保证数据收到的顺序和发送的顺序一致。这也可以帮助你理解HTTP为何要如此设计。
为了简化代码我们这里将使用比较简单的方法读取HTTP请求并将其处理成三个返回值请求方法、路径、头。请求方法和路径是字符串头是一个Python字典`dict`保存HTTP头键值对。跟Python字典类似功能的东西在其它编程语言中可能更习惯叫"Map"。
读取HTTP请求时我们先原样读取出整个头部存为字符串再解析。读取头部的函数命名为`read_http_request_header_string`。
````python
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
buffer = bytearray()
while True:
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n") # 两个连在一起的CRLF第二个CRLF就代表空行
if header_length != -1:
return buffer[:header_length]
````
这样我们就可以在`read_http_request`里使用它了,你可以先试着写一写这个`read_http_request`再看完整代码。
逻辑很简单,将读到的字符串按照`\r\n`分开,再分别处理第一行和剩余的行。需要注意的是,我们的`read_http_request_header_string`返回`bytes`(可以简单理解为一块内存),你需要用`decode`方法将其转换为字符串,该方法需要指定一个编码,你可以使用`"ascii"`。
````python
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
s = read_http_request_header_string(conn).decode("ascii")
lines = s.split("\r\n") # 按CRLF切开
# 解析第一行
fstline = lines[0]
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ") # 按空格切开第一行
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
method = method.lower() # 把方法转换成小写
# 解析头
header = {}
if len(lines) > 1:
for line in lines[1:]:
key, value = line.split(": ")
header[key] = value
return method, path, header
````
### 生成HTTP响应头部
相对于读取请求,生成响应要简单多了,只需要按照格式拼装信息:
````python
STATUS_MESSAGES = {
200: "OK",
400: "Bad Request",
404: "Not Found",
500: "Server Error",
}
def build_http_response_header(status_code, headers):
lines = [
f"HTTP/1.1 {status_code} {STATUS_MESSAGES[status_code]}"
]
for key, value in headers:
lines.append(f"{key}: {value}")
lines.append("") # 别忘了加空行
lines.append("")
return '\r\n'.join(lines).encode('ascii')
````
请注意,这里为了增加空行,使用两次`lines.append("")`增加了两个空字符串。因为`'\r\n'.join`只在两个字符串中间增加分隔符`"\r\n"`。
举个例子:我们有`"A"`、`"B"`两个字符串,每个字符串一行。如果我们不增加空字符串,`'\r\n'.join`只会在A和B之间插入一个换行结果是`"A\r\nB"`。
如果我们只在列表末尾增加一个空字符串,那么最后就只会是
````
"A\r\nB\r\n"
^ 新增加的空字符串
````
只是在B和增加的空字符串中间增加了一个换行如果需要单独的空行还需要一个额外空字符串在第一个空字符串和第二个空字符串之间再插入一个换行才会变为我们需要的`"A\r\nB\r\n\r\n"`。
### 处理HTTP请求
接下来我们正式在`handle_http_request`中处理HTTP请求。首先我们读取HTTP请求如果请求出错我们返回400 Bad Request。
````python
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
try:
method, path, headers = read_http_request(conn)
except Exception as e:
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
raise e # 把错误重新抛出,方便你看错误堆栈
````
然后我们检查方法是否是`get`,路径是否是`/`或者`/index.html`满足条件的话我们就返回200 OK和一段HTML内容
````python
if method == "get" and (path == "/" or path == "/index.html"):
headers = [
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
("Content-Length",str(len(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML))),
("Connection", "close"),
]
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
conn.send(DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML)
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
````
你发现我们在这里设置了三个头,一个是`Charset`,我们将它设置为`UTF-8`这是提示客户端我们的内容使用UTF-8编码。我们的`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`定义如下:
````python
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
</html>""".encode("utf-8")
````
这里我们使用`.encode("utf-8")`将字符串转换为`bytes`。关于`decode`、`encode`方法和编解码可以阅读Python文档相应页面。
另一个头是`Content-Length`这个头指定了HTTP主体Body的长度也就是我们返回HTML的长度接收端会根据这个长度读取主体内容。长度必须是十进制的字节数量。你可以看到我们在这里给了`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`的长度。
最后一个是`Connection: close`这样设置意味着无论是客户端还是服务器都可以在响应完成之后关闭相应连接。设置这个头是因为我们的服务器在响应HTTP请求之后就会自动关闭连接但是HTTP/1.1默认不会关闭。
最后如果不满足条件返回404 Not Found意味着这个页面没有找到。
````python
else:
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, []))
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
````
最后只要在我们的main函数使用这个`handle_http_request`就好了。
````python
def main():
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
server_port.listen()
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
with conn:
conn.settimeout(8)
handle_http_request(conn)
````
使用`python server.py`启动之后,使用`curl http://localhost:8989 -v`来看看效果。
````
$ curl http://localhost:8989 -v
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8989
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Charset: UTF-8
< Content-Length: 175
< Connection: close
<
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
</body>
* Closing connection 0
</html>
````
我们的代码处理了一个新连接就退出了,如果要让它持续处理新连接,只要从`accept`方法开始放在死循环里就行:
````python
def main():
with socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM) as server_port:
server_port.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8989))
server_port.listen()
while True:
conn, addr = server_port.accept()
with conn:
conn.settimeout(8)
handle_http_request(conn)
````
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b0aaa23f247d62bb6d78cc650732b214)
### 使用浏览器开发者工具
浏览器开发者工具是调试你Web程序的利器它就内置在你的浏览器里包含多个有用的工具快捷键通常是F12。接下来我将演示用Firefox的开发者工具查看我们的服务器响应信息。
先打开一个新标签页。你有两种方法打开开发者工具:一种是在浏览器菜单里点击“更多工具”, 点击“Web开发者工具”。
![“更多工具”里存在“Web开发者工具”这一项](devtools-in-menu.png)
另一种打开方法是按键盘上的F12。
打开后你就会看到开发者工具选择“网络Network”页面。
![“Web开发者工具”显示在浏览器窗口内部的右边选择了“网络”页面](devtools.png)
接下来,在地址栏中输入我们服务器的地址`http://localhost:8989`、确认访问,就可以在这个页面下看到浏览器产生的请求。点击单个项目可以展开详细信息。
![“网络”页面的列表出现了浏览器产生的请求,显示了访问主页请求的详细信息](devtools-inspect-request.png)
## GET和POST
我们的服务器应该能够根据用户的输入进行不同的操作不然为什么不直接提供一个HTML就好了呢正好HTTP给我们提供了一个工具路径里面可以携带一个叫查询Query的部分`?`之后就是我们的查询查询里面可以直接携带URI未保留字符这些字符在URI中没有特殊意义。比如在`/?something`中,`something`就是我们的查询。
> 查询其实是属于URI的一部分。我们在这里说查询是在“路径”中这里的“路径”指的是前面我们所提到HTTP请求格式中的“路径”。
但是有一些字符不能直接放进URI里因为它们是URI的保留字符比如`@`这时候就需要转义Escape这些字符。我们在这使用的编码叫[URL encodingURL编码也可以叫percent encoding百分号编码](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)。
比如说我们要在路径里携带`example@example.com`,比如`/?email=example@example.com`,我们必须将其编码成`/?email=example%40example.com`。
虽然查询里面可以携带任何允许的字符,但是使用类似上面的格式仍然是比较常用的做法。也就是`key=val`代表键key的值是val在上面就是`email`的值是`example@example.com`。如果要携带多对键值,可以用`&`从中间区分,比如`email=example%40example.com&nuke=1`,就有`email`和`nuke`两对键值。
接下来,我们一起改写上面的服务器,让它能够接受查询字符串,比如说在访问`/?name=HTTP`的时候可以返回"Hello HTTP"。
### 在GET请求中接受用户输入
我们要修改以下部分:
- 修改访问路径匹配。我们之前使用`path == "/"`来确认正在访问的路径,这样的话`/?name=HTTP`就不能访问到`/`了。
- 处理查询里的键值对。我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询,将查询里的键值对解析成我们需要的数据结构,在这里是字典。
- 让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`的"World"可以自定义。我们在这里使用Python的`str.format`方法。
首先,我们需要从请求中的路径取得访问路径和查询:
````python
def read_path(path: str): # 返回访问路径和查询
parts = path.split("?", maxsplit=1)
if len(parts) > 1:
return parts[0], parts[1]
else:
return parts[0], ""
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
# ...
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
# ...
````
然后,我们需要将查询里的键值对解析成字典:
````python
def parse_query(q: str):
pairs_str = q.split("&")
pairs = {}
for s in pairs_str:
if s: # 确保不是空字符串
k, v = s.split("=")
pairs[unquote_plus(k)] = unquote_plus(v)
return pairs
````
在这里,我们使用了`urllib.parse`的`unquote_plus`函数,你需要在文件顶部引入它:
````python
from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
````
我们使用这个函数将URL编码的字符串转换为普通字符串。
接下来,我们要让`DEFAULT_HTML_PAGE`可以接受自定义名字。因为`bytes`对象没有`format`方法,我们得去掉`.encode`,改在自定义名字之后完成。
````python
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
</body>
</html>"""
````
当我们使用`format`方法时,就可以替换掉`{name}`的内容,生成实际要发送给客户端的页面。这时`DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML`就被叫作“模板”,生成这个页面的过程叫“渲染”。
````python
if onlypath == "/" and method == "get":
query_dict = parse_query(query) # 解析查询键值对
# 渲染页面
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
# 检查键值对中有没有键name有并且值不为空的话就以其值替换{name}否则用World替换。
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else "World")
).encode("utf-8")
headers = [
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
("Content-Length",str(len(content))), # 主体长度等于实际内容长度
("Connection", "close"),
]
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
conn.send(content) # 发送渲染出来的页面
# ...
````
启动你的服务器。用`curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v`试试。
````
$ curl http://localhost:8989?name=HTTP -v
* Trying 127.0.0.1:8989...
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 8989 (#0)
> GET /?name=HTTP HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8989
> User-Agent: curl/7.85.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Charset: UTF-8
< Content-Length: 174
< Connection: close
<
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello HTTP!</h1>
</body>
* Closing connection 0
</html>
````
你也可以用浏览器看看。修改一下`name`的值看看给出什么结果。如果出现bug尝试自己修一修。
修改一下模板,就可以直接在网页里面使用这个参数了。
````python
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
<form method="GET">
<input name="name" label="Hello to..." />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>"""
````
HTML不在本文范围敬请参阅MDN Web Docs相关页面。
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/d32a565609ee1f2379fc9b3af1d87012)
### HTTP POST
目前为止我们都在使用HTTP的GET方法。另一个常用的HTTP方法是POST为什么我们需要它呢
- HTTP请求可以跟响应一样携带主体。GET请求不可以携带主体但POST请求可以。放在路径里的数据经过编码后体积可能大幅增加主体里的数据格式并没有规定可以不用编码。
- 理论上HTTP请求头部的路径可以无限长但是客户端或者服务器可能会限制路径最大长度。
- 在浏览器中,路径会被记录在浏览历史里,放在主体里的数据一般不会被记录。
如果我们使用HTML的form元素进行请求POST请求主体使用的格式与我们之前查询键值对的格式相同。键是form元素内input元素name属性的值。
> 绝大部分情况下你应该用GET方法展示数据、POST方法只用来记录数据。在刷新POST方法返回的页面时浏览器需要重新提交请求并会询问用户是否要这样做因为这样做可能会导致不需要的副作用。大部分情况下这不是用户想体验的麻烦。
> 如果你使用HTML的form直接处理POST提交你可以在处理POST方法完成后返回[HTTP 303 See Other状态码](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/303)并在`Location`头中指定重新请求的地址让浏览器用GET方法重新请求并展示相应页面。
> 我们接下来就是采用类似方法。
让我们来改写我们之前的服务器让它可以接受POST方法的`default_name`参数并将它设置为默认名字当没有name参数时使用的名字
先添加一个全局变量:
````python
global default_name
default_name = "World"
````
这是个比较大的改写首先我们要先改写读取HTTP请求的部分让它支持读取主体。然后我们要使用一个全局变量保存我们对默认名字的修改。
````python
def read_http_request_header_string(conn: socket):
buffer = bytearray()
while True:
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
header_length = buffer.find(b"\r\n\r\n")
if header_length != -1:
return buffer[:header_length], buffer[header_length+4:]
def read_http_request(conn: socket):
s, rest = read_http_request_header_string(conn)
s = s.decode("ascii")
lines = s.split("\r\n")
# 解析第一行
fstline = lines[0]
method, path, protocol = fstline.split(" ")
if protocol != "HTTP/1.1":
raise RuntimeError("unknown protocol", protocol)
method = method.lower()
# 解析头
header = {}
if len(lines) > 1:
for line in lines[1:]:
key, value = line.split(": ")
header[key] = value
return method, path, header, rest
def read_http_request_body(conn: socket, length: int, buffer: bytearray):
while len(buffer) < length:
buffer.extend(conn.recv(4096))
return buffer[:length]
````
我们在原先`read_http_request`函数的基础上增加`read_http_request_body`,并且让`read_http_request`返回多读的数据(在`\r\n\r\n`之后的数据)。在`handle_http_request`,我们这样读取主体:
````python
def handle_http_request(conn: socket):
global default_name
try:
method, path, headers, rest = read_http_request(conn)
if "Content-Length" in headers:
body = read_http_request_body(conn, int(headers["Content-Length"]), rest)
# 我们在这只支持Content-Length不支持Transfer-Encoding: chunked
else:
body = bytearray()
except Exception as e:
conn.send(build_http_response_header(400, []))
print(f"- - 400 {STATUS_MESSAGES[400]}")
raise e
# ...
````
接下来我们要改动检查路径和方法的代码:
````python
onlypath, query = read_path(path)
if onlypath == "/":
if method == "get":
query_dict = parse_query(query)
# 渲染页面
content = DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML.format(
name=(query_dict["name"] if query_dict.get("name") else default_name)
# 这里引用全局变量default_name的值而不是硬编码"World"
).encode("utf-8")
headers = [
("Charset", "UTF-8"),
("Content-Length",str(len(content))),
("Connection", "close"),
]
conn.send(build_http_response_header(200, headers))
conn.send(content)
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 200 {STATUS_MESSAGES[200]}")
return # 响应完成,直接返回
elif method == "post": # 处理POST请求
form_data_s = body.decode("utf-8")
form_dict = parse_query(form_data_s)
if form_dict.get("default_name"):
default_name = form_dict["default_name"]
conn.send(build_http_response_header(303, [
("Connection", "close"),
("Location", "."),
])) # 让浏览器重新用GET请求并展示当前页面Location是“.”
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 303 {STATUS_MESSAGES[303]}")
return # 响应完成,直接返回
conn.send(build_http_response_header(404, [])) # 没有匹配的路径或者方法返回404
print(f"{method.upper()} {path} 404 {STATUS_MESSAGES[404]}")
````
最后,改动一下模板,这样我们就可以直接使用这个参数了:
````python
DEFAULT_PAGE_HTML = """<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>Default Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello {name}!</h1>
<form method="GET">
<input name="name"/>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
<h2>Default Name</h2>
<form method="POST">
<input name="default_name" />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>"""
````
[完整代码请见Gist](https://gist.github.com/thislight/b69161000e5ea2904057a49f16b5ac8b)
### 再进一步
我们的代码尚不完善,你可以试试按以下方向改进。
- 处理并发连接
当前的代码只能依照顺序一个一个处理连接你使用多线程或者Python的asyncio让我们的服务器能够并发处理连接。
参考资料:
- [Python文档threading模块](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/threading.html#module-threading)
- [Python文档asyncio](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/asyncio.html#module-asyncio)
- 连接复用
当前代码在回应请求之后就直接关闭连接你可以支持HTTP/1.1式的连接复用来提高连接使用效率。
参考资料:
- [MDN Web DocsHTTP Keep-Alive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Keep-Alive)
- [MDB Web DocsHTTP Connection](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Connection)
- 增强兼容性
我们目前的代码作了一些假设,你可以改进代码以提高对不同客户端的兼容性。
- 支持[HTTP Transfer-Encoding](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Transfer-Encoding),我们的代码中没有支持这种传输方式
- 包装和抽象
你可以将HTTP服务器包装起来甚至进一步包装成可以使用的框架为用户提供可用的API。例如
````python
from mymodule import MyServer
def handle_index(request):
return request.ok(template="index.html")
if __name__ == "__main__":
server = MyServer({
"/": handle_index
})
server.run()
````
你还可以试试阅读[Tornado的代码](https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado)这是一个Python异步Web框架。
- 支持Cookie
HTTP是一个无状态协议不同的响应-请求之间没有联系。HTTP Cookie是一项在不同响应-请求之间保留数据的技术。设计一个需要保留数据的功能并在我们的HTTP服务器中实现它。
参考资料:
- [MDN Web DocsUsing HTTP cookies](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Cookies)
## 参考资料和扩展阅读
- [MDN Web Docs: HTTP](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP)
- [Python Docs: socket](https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/socket.html)
- [Wikipedia: URL encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_encoding)
- [Wikipedia: Telnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet)
本文内容主要基于HTTP/1.1。如今HTTP已经改进出HTTP/2和HTTP/3。这些新版本协议更加高效更加适合我们当下的使用场景。虽然HTTP/2和HTTP/3与HTTP/1.1相比变化很大,但是基本概念并没有什么变动。
- [Web.dev: Introduction to HTTP/2](https://web.dev/performance-http2/)
- [Couldflare: What is HTTP/3?](https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/performance/what-is-http3/)

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